Shared Flashcard Set

Details

micro minimals
clinical bacteriology+mycology
144
Microbiology
Undergraduate 3
03/04/2012

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Mention 5 diseases that can be caused by Staphylococcus aureus!
Definition
Impetigo, furunculus, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, food poisoning etc
Term
Mention 2 toxin-mediated staphylococcal diseases!
Definition
toxic shock syndrome (TSS), scalded skin syndrome, food poisoning
Term
Mention 3 toxic products produced by Staphylococcus aureus!
Definition
TSST (toxic shock syndrome toxin), enterotoxin, exfoliatin, leukocidins, hemolysins
Term
Which is the most virulent species of Staphylococcus?
Definition
S. aureus
Term
Which enzymatic virulence factor is characteristic exclusively for Staphylococcus
aureus?
Definition
coagulase
Term
How can we identify the source of infection in a staphylococcal food poisoning?
Definition
by phage typing
Term
Which antibacterial drug is the first choice in serious infections caused by methycillin
resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains?
Definition
glycopeptides (vancomycin, teicoplanin)
Term
In which disease is Staphylococcus saprophyticus considered an obligate pathogen!
Definition
cystitis in young women
Term
Which cell constituents determine the group-specific, and the type specific antigens of
Streptococcus pyogenes, respectively?
Definition
group specific: C- polysaccharide
type specific: M protein
Term
Mention 3 enzymes produced by Streptococcus pyogenes that enhance the spread of
the bacterial infection in the body!
Definition
Streptokinase (fibrinolysin), hyaluronidase, streptodornase (DNAse)
Term
List 3 diseases caused by Streptococcus pyogenes in the skin or in subcutaneous
tissues!
Definition
impetigo (pyoderma), cellulitis, erysipelas, fasciitis, myositis
Term
Mention a toxin-mediated streptococcal disease, specify the name of the toxin and its
mechanism of action!
Definition
Scarlet fever - erythrogenic toxin – superantigen causing capillary destruction
Term
Mention 2 poststreptococcal diseases!
Definition
Glomerulonephritis, rheumatic fever, erythema nodosum, chorea minor
Term
Which product of Streptococcus pyogenes has a major pathogenic role in
poststreptococcal diseases?
Definition
M protein: may induce hypersensitivity reactions
Term
How long does immunity against scarlet fever exist? Which immune effector
mechanism is involved?
Definition
Life-long immunity. Antitoxic antibodies are involved.
Term
What is the drug of first choice in Streptococcus pyogenes infection?
Definition
Penicillin-G
Term
What is the patomechanism of post-streptococcal rheumatic fever?
Definition
type II hypersensitivity (cytotoxic antibodies)
Term
What is the patomechanism of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis?
Definition
type III hypersensitivity (immune complexes)
Term
Which Streptococcus species plays major role in the meningitis of newborn babies?
Definition
Group B Streptococcus (S. agalactiae)
Term
What is (are) the major causative agent(s) for subacute bacterial endocarditis?
Definition
Viridans streptococci
Term
What are the characteristics of Enterococci that can be used in their identification?
Definition
D group polysaccharide antigen; tolerance to bile and hydrolysis of esculin (BEA
medium: bile esculin agar); growth in the presence of 6,5 % NaCl
Term
What are the specific morphologic features of Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Definition
Gram positive diplococcus, lancet shape, capsule.
Term
Mention 3 diseases that can be caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae!
Definition
Pneumonia, meningitis, sinusitis, otitis media, sepsis, (ulcus serpens corneae)
Term
What fast diagnostic procedure can be used in acute Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection?
Definition
Demonstration of bacteria (intracellular in PMNs) from urethral discharge by Gram
or methylene blue stain; PCR amplification of bacterial DNA
Term
What kind of immunity develops after Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection?
Definition
Partial immunity of short duration; no protection from reinfection
Term
Specify at least 2 of the most important manifestations of disseminated gonorrhoeal
infections!
Definition
arthritis, skin eruptions, (endocarditis, meningitis)
Term
What is the major manifestation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in newborns?
How can it be prevented?
Definition
Blenorrhoea (ophtalmia) neonatorum, silver acetate eye drops or erythromycin
ointment
Term
Mention at least 3 major virulence factors of Neisseria gonorrhoeae!
Definition
pilus, outer membrane proteins, LOS (lipooligosaccharide), IgA protease
Term
Mention at least 2 major virulence factors of Neisseria meningitidis!
Definition
polysaccharide capsule, LPS, IgA protease
Term
What is the site of entry of Neisseria meningitidis infection? What diseases are caused by this bacterium?
Definition
The site of entry is the nasopharynx (transmitted by airborne droplets). Meningococcemia (characterized by skin lesions), and acute (purulent) bacterial meningitis.
Term
What kinds of prophylactic measurements are available against Neisseria meningitidis infections?
Definition
Chemoprophylaxis: rifampin or ciprofloxacin. Vaccination: capsular polysaccharide (types A, C, Y and W135). No vaccine against type B!
Term
Which rapid diagnostic methods can be used in the presumptive diagnosis of purulent
bacterial meningitis?
Definition
Gram or methylene blue stain of CSF sediment
Demonstration of bacterial capsular antigens by latex agglutination (from CSF)
Term
Which capsular serotype is included in the vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae?
Definition
type b
Term
Which are the portals of entry of Bacillus anthracis?
Definition
Skin, lungs, gastrointestinal tract
Term
Mention 3 important bacteria involved in nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections!
Definition
Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia
coli
Term
Mention four E. coli pathogenetic groups involved in enteric diseases!
Definition
Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)
Enterotoxic E. coli (ETEC)
Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)
Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAggEC)
Term
What are the most important extraintestinal infections caused by E. coli? Mention at
least 3 of them!
Definition
urinary tract infections, neonatal meningitis, nosocomial wound infections
Term
The most frequent causative agent of urinary tract infections is:
Definition
Escherichia coli
Term
Which 2 diseases are caused by E. coli O157:H7?
Definition
hemorrhagic colitis +/- HUS (hemolytic uraemic syndrome)
Term
What is the reservoir of Salmonella typhi?
Definition
humans (with disease, or healthy carriers)
Term
Which bacteria cause most frequently typhoid fever and enteric fever, respectively?
Definition
Salmonella typhi (typhoid)
Salmonella paratyphi A, B, C (enteric fever)
Term
When typhoid fever is suspected, what kinds of clinical samples should be used to isolate
the causative agent in the first 2 weeks of the disease?
Definition
Blood, (bone marrow)
Term
What is the route of infection in Salmonella gastroenteritis?
Definition
Ingestion of contaminated food (such as eggs, cream, mayonnaise, creamed foods, etc.)
containing a sufficient number of Salmonella.
Term
Which antibacterial drugs should be administered in gastroenteritis caused by
Salmonella?
Definition
Antibiotics are not usually necessary unless the infection is generalised. In case of
extraintestinal infection (very young, very old or immunosuppressed patients):
ampicillin, gentamicin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, or ciprofloxacin.
Term
List the 4 Shigella species causing human disease!
Definition
Shigella dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii, S. sonnei
Term
Mention 2 bacterial species belonging to different genera that cause bacillary dysentery
Definition
Shigella dysenteriae, (Shigella flexneri, Shigella boydii, Shigella sonnei), enteroinvasive
E. coli (EIEC)
Term
Mention 3 bacterial species belonging to different genera that cause enteritis or
enterocolitis!
Definition
Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Shigella, Yersinia
enterocolitica
Term
Mention 2 bacteria causing intestinal infections which have animal reservoirs!
Definition
Salmonella (not Typhi and Paratyphi!), Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia
enterocolitica, Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli O157
Term
What are the modes of transmission for the 2 different epidemiologic forms of plague?
Definition
- Bubonic plague is transmitted by the bite of infected rat fleas from rats to humans.
- Primary pneumonic plague spreads directly from human to human via respiratory
droplets.
Term
What are the possible portals of entry of Francisella tularensis? Specify at least 4!
Definition
tick bite, mucous membranes, skin abrasions, resp. tract, gastroint. tract
Term
How do humans acquire brucellosis? Where do the bacteria replicate in the human body?
Definition
Via contaminated milk products or through skin abrasions (contact with animals).
Organisms spread to the mononuclear phagocytes of the reticuloendothelial system
(lymph nodes, liver, spleen, bone marrow).
Term
What are the reservoirs of the different Brucella species, respectively?
Definition
B. abortus: cattle
B. melitensis: goat, sheep
B. suis: swine
Term
What is the mechanism of action of cholera toxin?
Definition
Cholera toxin activates the adenylate cyclase enzyme in cells of the intestinal mucosa
leading to increased levels of intracellular cAMP, and the secretion of large amount of
water, Na+, K+, Cl-, and HCO3
- into the lumen of the small intestine.
Term
What is the principle of the treatment for cholera?
Definition
Rapid intravenous or oral replacement of the lost fluid and ions. (Administration of
isotonic maintenance solution should continue until the diarrhea ceases.) In severe cases:
administration of tetracycline (in addition to rehydration).
Term
Mention 4 diseases caused by Haemophilus influenzae!
Definition
purulent meningitis
epiglottitis (obstructive laryngitis)
otitis media and sinusitis
pneumonia
(cellulitis, arthritis)
Term
Which disease is caused by Haemophilus ducreyi?
Definition
Chancroid (soft chancre or ulcus molle)
Term
What can serve as source of infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Definition
Pseudomonas species are normally present in the environment and can be isolated from
the skin, throat, and stool of some healthy persons. They often colonize hospital food,
sinks, taps, mops, and respiratory equipment.
Term
Mention 4 diseases that are frequently caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa!
Definition
urinary tract infections
wound infections (burns)
pneumonia, sepsis (immunosupression)
otitis externa
Term
Mention at least 3 drugs which may be effective to treat infections caused by
Pseudomonas aeruginosa!
Definition
certain penicillins: piperacillin/tazobactam combination
a 3rd generation cephalosporin: ceftazidim
a 4th generation cephalosporin: cefepime
certain aminoglycosides: gentamycin, tobramycin, amikacin
carbapenems: imipenem, meropenem
Term
Which 2 diseases are caused by Legionella pneumophila?
Definition
- legionellosis, legionnairs’ disease (atypical pneumonia)
- Pontiac fever (mild, flu like illness without pneumonia)
Term
List 3 important virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis!
Definition
filamentous hemagglutinin, pertussis toxin, adenylate-cyclase toxin, tracheal
cytotoxin
Term
Mention 3 bacterium species causing food poisoning!
Definition
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium
botulinum, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, (Salmonella serotypes causing enterocolitis)
Term
Which bacterium has the highest germ number in the colon?
Definition
Bacteroides fragilis
Term
Mention 4 bacterial genera that are obligate anaerobes!
Definition
Clostridium, Bacteroides, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Fusobacterium, Actinomyces,
Bifidobacterium, Peptostreptococcus, Propionibacterium
Term
Which is the most important gas gangrene Clostridium? What is its main virulence factor?
Definition
Clostridium perfringens
alpha-toxin (lecithinase)
Term
Mention 3 Clostridium species causing gas gangrene! How are they acquired?
Definition
Clostridium perfringens, C. novyi, C. septicum, C. histolyticum, C. tertium, C.
bifermentans, C. sporogenes
The site of infection is usually a wound that comes into contact with Clostridium spores
that germinate in an anaerobic environment.
Term
How can be tetanus prevented in patients who have wounds possibly contaminated with C.
tetani spores?
Definition
Wound should be cleaned and debrided; tetanus toxoid booster injection given;
tetanus immunoglobulin (TETIG) in previously unvaccinated patients and in case of
heavy contamination of wound; penicillin may be added prophylactically
Term
What are the main symptoms of tetanus infection? Specify at least 3!
Definition
Spastic paralysis: muscle spasms; lockjaw(trismus), rhisus sardonicus (grimace of the
face), opisthotonus (spasm of the back); respiratory paralysis
Term
What is the mechanism of action of the botulinus toxin?
Definition
Blocks release of acetylcholine in peripheral nerve synapses;
Term
What are the symptoms of botulism?
Definition
flaccid paralysis: diplopia (double vision), dysphagia (difficulty to swallow),
dysphonia (hoarseness), respiratory paralysis.
Term
What kind of therapy is used to treat botulism?
Definition
Treatment: respiratory support + trivalent antitoxin
Term
Explain whether or not antibiotic treatment is useful in botulism!
Definition
Not, because antibiotics are not effective against preformed toxins.
Term
What diseases may be associated with Helicobacter pylori? Specify at least 3!
Definition
Gastritis, peptic and duodenal ulcers, gastric carcinoma, MALT lymphoma
Term
What is the most important virulence factor of Corynebacterium diphtheriae?
Definition
Diphtheria toxin
Term
What is the mechanism of action of the diphtheria toxin?
Definition
Inhibits protein synthesis. Inhibits peptide elongation in eukaryotic ribosomes by
ADP ribosylation of EF-2 (elongation factor-2)
Term
How long does immunity against diphtheria exist? Which immune effector mechanism is
involved?
Definition
Antitoxic antibodies, long lasting immunity
Term
Which assays should be done in the lab in order to prove diphtheria?
Definition
Smears of the throat swab should be stained with methylene blue or Neisser stain;
bacteria are cultured on Löffler’s or tellurite (Clauberg) medium; toxin production
must be demonstrated by agar precipitation ( ELEK-test)
Term
What feature of Mycobacteria make them acid fast?
Definition
The cell envelope contains a high amount (60 – 70 %) of complex lipids: mycolic acid,
cord factor. Once the cells are stained (by carbol-fuchsin) they resist decolorisation by
acid-ethanol.
Term
Mention 2 atypical Mycobacterium species!
Definition
M. kansasii, M. marinum, M. avium-intracellulare complex, M. fortuitum-chelonei
complex
Term
How can one demonstrate the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical
samples?
Definition
Acid-fast staining (Ziehl-Neelsen)
Culture on selective media (Löwenstein-Jensen agar, liquid BACTEC medium)
PCR amplification of bacterial DNA
Term
Why is multi-drug therapy used for tuberculosis?
Definition
To prevent the overgrowth of drug-resistant mutants during the long treatment
period (if bacteria resistant to one drug emerge, they are most probably inhibited by
the other drugs).
Term
What is the main immune defense mechanism against Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Definition
activated macrophages
Term
Mention 3 antituberculotic drugs that are of first choice against Mycobacterium
tuberculosis!
Definition
isoniazid (INH), pyrazinamid, rifampin, (ethambutol, streptomycin)
Term
What disease is caused by Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare? What patients are
characteristically susceptible to infection?
Definition
It causes TB, especially in immunosuppressed patients (such as AIDS patients).
Term
What is the reservoir of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Definition
human
Term
What is the reservoir of atypical Mycobacteria?
Definition
environment (soil, water)
Term
What are the 2 distinct forms of leprosy?
Definition
Tuberculoid, lepromatous forms
Term
Mention 3 Gram-negative bacteria belonging to different genera causing zoonosis!
Definition
Brucella, Francisella tularensis, Yersinia pestis, Pasteurella
Term
Mention 2 Gram-positive bacteria belonging to different genera causing zoonosis!
Definition
Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus anthracis, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Term
Mention 3 bacterial species belonging to different genera that are frequent causes of
urinary tract infections!
Definition
E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis
Term
Mention one aerobic and one anaerobic bacterium of the normal flora of the skin!
Definition
aerobic: Staphylococcus epidermidis
anaerobic: Propionobacterium acnes
Term
Give two genuses for each category of bacteria!
Gram positive aerobic:
Gram positive anaerobic:
Definition
Gram positive aerobic: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Corynebacterium,…
Gram positive anaerobic: Clostridium, Actinomyces, Propionibacterium, Lactobacillus
Term
Give two genuses for each category of bacteria!
Gram negativ aerobic:
Gram negativ anaerobic:
Definition
Gram negativ aerobic: Vibrio, Neisseria, Haemophilus…
Gram negativ anaerobic: Bacteroides, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Veillonella…
Term
Give 2 genuses for each category of bacteria!
Gram positive coccus:
Gram negative coccus:
Gram positive rod:
Definition
Gram positive coccus: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus
Gram negative coccus: Neisseria, Veillonella
Gram positive rod: Clostridium, Bacillus
Term
Give 2 genuses for each category of bacteria!
Gram negative rod:
Spirochetes:
Definition
Gram negative rod: E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella
Spirochetes: Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira
Term
Describe the color and the shape of Clostridia in a Gram stained smear of gas
gangrene exudate!
Definition
Gram positive (dark blue) rod
(it usually does not form spores in vivo)
Term
Mention 2 antibiotics which can be used in the empirical treatment against Gram
negative obligate anaerobic bacteria!
Definition
Metronidazol, amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, imipenem
Term
Which 3 bacterial species are the most important causative agents of neonatal (< 1
month of age) meningitis?
Definition
Streptococcus agalactiae, E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes
Term
Which 3 bacterial species are the most important causative agents of meningitis
among babies (> 1 month of age) and children?
Definition
Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae
Term
What is the causative agent of febris undulans (undulant fever)?
Definition
Brucellae
Term
What is the precise definition of bacterial food poisoning?
Definition
Acute disease, usually with vomiting and diarrhea, caused by preformed toxins
produced by bacteria contaminating the food. The period between consumption of food
and the appearance of symptoms is short (< 4-6 hours).
Term
What are the main symptoms in the different stages of syphilis?
Definition
Primary syphilis: nontender ulcer (hard chancre)
Secondary lesions: maculopapular rash on skin, and condylomata lata on mucous
membranes
Tertiary stage: granulomas (gummas), central nervous system involvement (tabes
dorsalis, paralysis progressiva), cardiovascular lesions (aortitis, aorta aneurysm)
Term
When syphilis is diagnosed in the lab, which antigens are used in the non-treponemal
and in the specific treponemal antibody tests, respectively?
Definition
Non-treponemal antibody tests: cardiolipin
Specific treponemal antibody tests: Treponema pallidum
Term
Which are the two different kinds of antibodies which may indicate syphilis? Give
examples for tests demonstrating them!
Definition
Reagin (nonspecific antibody) – RPR, VDRL (flocculation tests)
Immobilisin (specific antibody) – TPHA (T. pallidum hemagglutination), FTA-ABS
(fluorescent treponemal assay – with antibody absorption), TPI (T. pallidum
immobilisation test),
Term
What is the advantage and disadvantage of the FTA-ABS syphilis serologic test
compared to the VDRL test?
Definition
Specific (treponemal) tests such as FTA-ABS are more specific, but they can not be used
to follow the efficacy of treatment (because the specific antibodies persist even after
effective eradication of bacteria)
Term
What is the drug of first choice in the treatment of syphilis?
Definition
penicillin G
Term
What is the reservoir and what is the vector for Borrelia recurrentis?
Definition
Reservoir: human; vector: louse
Term
What is used for the laboratory diagnosis of relapsing fever?
Definition
Direct demonstration of bacteria from peripheral blood smear by microscopy (Giemsa
stain or dark field illumination)
Term
What is the first characteristic symptom of Lyme disease? What is the causative
agent?
Definition
Erythema (chronicum) migrans. Borrelia burgdorferi.
Term
Mention 2 antibacterial drugs that are of first choice in early stage Lyme disease?
Definition
Tetracyclines, amoxicillin, cefuroxim
Term
Which symptoms are characteristic for the early and the late phases of disease by
Borrelia burgdorferi?
Definition
Early: erythema chronicum migrans
Late: arthritis, cardiac (myocarditis, pericarditis) and neurological involvement
(meningitis, peripheral neuropathies)
Term
What is the reservoir of Leptospira interrogans?
Definition
rodents, household animals (dog, swine etc.)
Term
Mention 2 obligate intracellular bacterial genuses!
Definition
Rickettsia, Chlamydia, (Coxiella, Ehrlichia)
Term
Mention 4 bacteria causing atypical pneumonia!
Definition
Chlamydia pneumoniae
Chlamydia psittaci
Coxiella burnetii
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Legionella pneumophila
Term
What diseases are caused by Rickettsia prowazekii?
Definition
Louse-borne epidemic typhus
Recurrent form: Brill-Zinsser disease
Term
Mention an antibacterial drug active against rickettsial infections!
Definition
Tetracycline, chloramphenicol
Term
What are the reservoir and vector of Rickettsia prowazekii infections?
Definition
reservoir: human; vector: louse
Term
What are the reservoir and vector of Rickettsia typhi infections?
Definition
reservoir: rodents; vector: flea
Term
What is the causative agent of epidemic typhus?
Definition
Rickettsia prowazekii
Term
How can be Chlamydiae and Rickettsiae cultivated?
Definition
These are obligate intracellular bacteria, can be cultured in experimental animals,
embryonated eggs, and cell culture
Term
Mention an antibacterial drug active against chlamydial infections!
Definition
Tetracycline, erythromycin, azithromycin
Term
List the serotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis and the diseases caused by them!
Definition
Types A,B and C: trachoma (chronic conjunctivitis)
Types D-K: genital tract infections (NGU, PID), inclusion conjunctivitis
Types L1-L3: lymphogranuloma venereum (STD)
Term
Mention an antibacterial drug effective against Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections!
Definition
Erythromycin, azythromycin, tetracycline
Term
Why are penicillins not effective against Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections?
Definition
Because of the absence of a cell wall, penicillins are ineffective (penicillins inhibit cell
wall synthesis)
Term
What is the Weil-Felix reaction?
Definition
It is based on the cross-reaction of an antigen present in many rickettsiae with the O
antigen polysaccharide found in certain Proteus vulgaris strains (OX19 OX2, OXK).
The test is a tube agglutination test in which these Proteus strains are used as antigens to
demonstrate antibodies from the patient’s serum sample.
Term
mention 4 bacteria frequently causing sexually transmitted diseases (STD)!
Definition
Treponema pallidum, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Haemophilus ducreyi, Chlamydia trachomatis, (Calymmatobacterium granulomatis)
Term
Which bacterial species can cause hepatitis (jaundice)?
Definition
Leptospira interrogans
Term
Mention 2 bacteria causing aseptic (serous) meningitis!
Definition
Treponema pallidum, Leptospira interrogans, Borrelia burgdorferi
Term
Mention a bacterial pathogen which eludes the host immune response by frequent
antigenic changes!
Definition
Borrelia recurrentis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Term
What is the causative agent of febris recurrens (recurrent fever)?
Definition
Borrelia recurrentis
Term
What does fungal dimorphism mean?
Definition
The same species is capable of existing in two morphological forms (yeast or mold),
depending upon enviromental conditions (temperature, nutrients).
Term
Which are the 4 fungal species causing systemic infections?
Definition
Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Paracoccidioides
brasiliensis
Term
Mention 3 species causing opportunistic fungal infections!
Definition
Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Mucor spp., Rhizopus
spp.
Term
Mention 3 diseases caused by dermatophytons!
Definition
Tinea corporis, tinea capitis, onychomycosis, tinea barbae
Term
Mention 3 fungal genera belonging to the dermatophytons!
Definition
Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton
Term
What is the route of transmission of Sporothrix schenkii?
Definition
Traumatically introduced into the skin.
Term
Mention a Candida infection associated with mucosal surfaces!
Definition
Soor, vulvovaginitis
Term
Which species is the most important causative agent of fungal meningitis?
Definition
Cryptococcus neoformans
Term
Mention 3 manifestations of Candida albicans infections that are characteristic in
AIDS patients?
Definition
generalised oral candidiasis (GOC), oesophagitis, endocarditis
Term
What are the different forms of pulmonary aspergillosis?
Definition
1. Aspergillus ball (in preformed cavities)
2. invasive aspergillosis (in immunosuppression)
3. allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
Term
What is the usual source of infection in systemic mycoses?
Definition
soil
Term
What is the usual site of entry of fungi causing systemic mycoses?
Definition
respiratory tract (inhalation)
Term
Which morphological form of Coccidioides immitis can be found in the human body?
Definition
spherule
Term
Which human pathogenic fungus has a capsule?
Definition
Cryptococcus neoformans
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