Term
| Name some stains used in diagnosing fungi? |
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Definition
Gram stain, diff quick
lactophenol cotton blue
potassium hydroxide (hyphae in hair)
india ink
H&E
PAS --> pink/reddish
GMS --> stain dark brown |
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Term
| What to use for culturing fungi? |
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Definition
| SDA most common. antimicrobials and/or gentamicin to inhibit bacteria. cyclohexamide- inhibits contaminant fungi |
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Term
| What are the 3 genera of dermatophytes? |
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Definition
- microsporum
- trichophyton
- epidermophyton |
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Term
Microsporum canis:
natural host?
common host?
Observe surface
Reverse surface
microscope? |
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Definition
microsporum canis
- natural in cats
- common in dogs and humans
- observe surface- white wooly
reverse- yellow to orange
- macroconidia- thick walled, spindle shaped |
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Term
Microsporum gypseum
Where found?
host?
host response?
observe surface?
reverse surface?
microscope? |
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Definition
microsporum gypseum
- geophilic
- infect wide variety
- highly inflammatory response
- observe- cinnamon
-reverse- may or ay not pigmented
- thin walled, symmetrical, spindle shaped |
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Term
Trichophyton species
- macroconidia?
- main species?
- host?
-observe surface?
- reverse surface?
- microconidia? |
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Definition
trichophyton
- smoother walled, cyclindrical or cigar shaped macroconidia
- trichophyton mentagrophytes var mentagrophytes
-zoophilic (many different hosts)
- observe- flat cream
- reverse- variable pigment
- microconidia in grape like clusters |
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Term
| Treatment for dermatophytes? |
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Definition
o Some maybe self limiting
o Clip area to avoid reinfection with anthroconidia-laden hair
o Antiseptic rinses- iodine, chlorhex
o Antifungal shampoo- malaseb
o NO LIME SULPHUR (except in America)
o Topical- miconazole, etc.
o Systemic- griseofulvin, terbinafine, etc
o Oral lufenuron- adjunctive only, off label
o Concurrent with other animals
o Treatment or destruction of fomites
o Daily vacuuming |
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Term
| How does Sporothrix enter the body? and where is commonly found? |
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Definition
commonly found on decaying vegetation and soil
- can enter through abrasions (it's a subcut mycoses)
- it rarely can cause pulmonary disease following inhalation of massive numbers of conidia |
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Term
| What does Sporothrix cause and how is it spread? |
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Definition
| causes nodular subq lesions an can spread via lymphatics |
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Term
|
Definition
- imidazoles preferred
(potassium iodine in humans, but toxic to cats) |
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Term
|
Definition
| - only a problem in immuno-suppressed humans. but should wear gloves, esp when you have cuts |
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Term
| Cyptococcus opportunist/true pathogen? What does that mean? |
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Definition
| opportunist, can get reinfected, seen in immuno-compromised hosts |
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Term
| What are 2 main species of cyptococcus? |
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Definition
| cyptococcus gatti and cyptococcus neoformans |
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Term
Cyptococcus neoformans
common?
associated with FIV? |
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Definition
common in sydney
- associated with HIV, not FIV |
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Term
cyptococcus gatti
- distribution?
- associated with?
- immunoompromised hosts? |
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Definition
cyptococcus gatti
- restricted geography
- associated with decaying wood
- occurs in healthy patients |
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Term
| What host is more likely to get infected by cyptococcus? and what does it cause? |
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Definition
cats are
most have nasal granulomas
manibles can get affected |
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Term
| diagnosis of cyptococcus? |
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Definition
o Seen on H&E( Can see mucopolysaccharide capsule)
o PAS and GMS help see
o Sometimes granulomatous
(Not too much inflammation)
o LCAT
o Culture with birdseed (niger seed) agar (Looks brown, eliminates contimant false positives)
o CGB agar can be used to differentiate between c. gatti and c. neoformans (C. gattii will grow, media turns blue) |
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Term
| Treatment for cyptococcus? |
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Definition
-favorable prognosis, long term though
- may need to debulk
- combo therapy for resistance |
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Term
| What species does Aspergillosis affect? and how? |
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Definition
- Abortion in sheep and cattle
- Disseminated infection in GSDs (can spot hyphae in urine bc it infects kidneys)
- Guttural pouch in horses
- Very common in birds
- Signs in dogs:
o Mycotic rhinitis (esp in dolycephalic)
o Chronic nasal discharge (uni or bilateral)
- In cats:
o Sino-nasal aspergillosis (SNA)
(Caused by A. fumigatus and Neosartorya)(A. fumigatus do not spread out from SN area)
o Sino-orbital aspergillosis (SOA)--> All due to neosartorya |
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Term
| What species causes strangles in horses? |
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Definition
| Streptococcus equis ss equi |
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Term
| Virulence factor of streptococcus? |
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Definition
o Avoiding phagocytosis
M protein- cell wall protein that doesn’t allow opsonization to occur
• Reduces chemotaxis
• Eventually a goo antigen though
Capsules
• Only in some
• Made of polysaccharides or hyaluronic acid
• Good antigen
o Kill phagocytes
Exotoxins hemolysins
• Cytotoxic for RBC, WBC, and platelets |
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Term
| In streptococcus, what can happen from antibodies |
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Definition
type III hypersensitivity-
eg purpura hemorrhagica (swelling legs, extreme cases, sloughing of skin) |
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Term
| What are the 3 species of streptococcus involved in mastitis and different levels of control? |
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Definition
s. agalacatiae- contagious, from milking equipment or farmers
s. dysgalactiae- contagious, environment
s. uberis- environment (soil, feces, etc), opportunistic pathogen |
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Term
|
Definition
In wide range of animals
Source from mom, from vagina or mouth (normal in mom)
Entry often via umbilicus
Systemic
S. suis in pigs
• Paddling pigs
• Acute deaths
• From pharynx and tonsils of mom to pharynx of piglets
• Potentially zoonotic |
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Term
|
Definition
Str canis in dogs and cats
M protein has an increased invasiveness
Usually from bacterial seeding of soft tissues/organs eg bite |
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Term
| Virulence factors of Staphylococcus? |
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Definition
o Capsule or psuedocapsule
Anti-phagocyctic (when they don’t have this, they are easily killed)
o Exotoxins
Hemolysins
Leucocidin
• Kill phagocytes
Exfoliatins
• shET causes cleavage of desmosomes in stratum granulosum
o Intracellular survival
Evade immune system
Evade antibiotics
Results in persistence of infection (not every staph though) |
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Term
|
Definition
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (in dogs)
• Usually on skin, so there must be an underlying issue
o Eg. Ectoparasites, trauma, genetic immuno-, endocrine diseases
Staphylococcus aureus
• In other species (eg horses)
• Penetrate deeper tissues more difficult to treat |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Botryomycosis is caused by? |
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Definition
| Staphylococcus aureus. in the udder of sows, mares, cows |
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Term
| Mastitis and Staphylococcus? |
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Definition
Staphylococcus aureus. exception as its pathogenic but coagulase negative
- usually endogenous, but can be from other cows
- fly bites, irriation or bad milking practices |
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Term
| Adenovirus virulence factors? |
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Definition
o Immunomodultory proteins produced early in infection
o High numbers of virions released by cell lysis
o Environmental stability persistent infections with prolonged shedding
o Some have long latent periods |
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Term
| canine adenovirus 1 and 2 cause what? |
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Definition
CAV 1 - infectious hepatitis
CAV 2- infectious tracheobrochitis |
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Term
| Pathogenesis of adenovirus? |
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Definition
- Oronasal exposure (virus is shed in feces, urine, saliva, prolonged in urine)
- Initial replication in local lymphoid tissue
- Viremia disseminates virus systemically (virus replicates in endothelium and parenchymal cells hemorrhage and necrosis)
- Severity of disease depends on host immune response |
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Term
|
Definition
| histopath will show intranuclear inclusion bodies, IFA for viral antigen, or can do PCR, serology of titre |
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Term
| clinical signs of adenovirus? |
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Definition
| Pyrexia, liver disease, coagulopathy, respiratory disease, ocular disease (blue eye), die within 24 hours |
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Term
| unique features of Parvovirus |
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Definition
o Small, non-enveloped icosahedral
o Very resistant to many disinfectants, heat, pH changes
o Single stranded DNA genome
o Replicates in nucleus of rapidly dividing cells (eg neonates have a lot of these)
o Environmentally stable
o Fecal-oral transmission (Many number of virons in feces)
o Parvo replicates in actively dividing crypt cells |
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Term
| - Discuss with owner or vet nurse the resistance of parvo to physical and chemical agents and devise strategy for the control of this infectious agent in clinic and environment |
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Definition
o Isolation of animals into separate room of hospital away from common walkways and with separate ventilation
o Footbaths with parvocidal disinfectants
o Disposable footwear, waterproof protective clothing (gloves, gown)
o Disposable bedding
o Incinerate waste products or disposable with biohazard service
o Limit staff entering iso
o Disposable equipment should be set up in iso ward
o All equipment in iso should STAY in iso (eg fluid pump, stethoscope etc)
o Disinfectants:
Hypochlorite eg bleach (1%) made up daily
Glutaraldhyde 2%, Parvocide or Microcide
F10
All organic material should be removed so disinfectant will work properly |
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Term
| - Explain to owner or veterinary colleague the role Ab plays in preventing parvoviral disease and the interfering role maternal Ab can have with vaccination in young animals |
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Definition
o Live attenuated vx
o Inactivated vx
o Provide long lasting (lifelong?) immunity
o Give course of 3 (6-8, 10-12, 14-16weeks)
May need to give another at 20weeks due to maternal Ab
o No walks until done |
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