Term
| What is the structure of calicivirus and give 2 examples: |
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Definition
| Single Stranded Positive RNA Viruses; Linear; NAKED; Norwalk and Hep E |
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Term
| What is the structure of picornavirus and give 6 examples: |
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Definition
| Single Stranded Positive RNA Viruses; Linear; NAKED; Polio, ECHO, Enteroviruses, Rhino, Coxsackie, Hep A |
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Term
| What is the structure of flavivirus and give 4 examples: |
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Definition
| Single Stranded Positive RNA Viruses; Linear; ENVELOPED; Yellow Fever, Dengue, SLE, Hep C |
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Term
| What is the structure of togavirus and give some examples: |
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Definition
| Single Stranded Positive RNA Viruses; Linear; ENVELOPED; Rubella, WEE, EEE, VEE |
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Term
| What is the structure of coronovirus? |
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Definition
| Single Stranded Positive RNA Virus; Linear; ENVELOPED- Coronavirus |
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Term
| What is the structure of retroviruses and give two examples: |
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Definition
| Diploid Single Stranded Positive RNA; Linear; RNA Dependent DNA Polymerase; ENVELOPED; HIV and HTLV |
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Term
| What is the pathogenesis of caliciviruses? |
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Definition
| Compromise function of intestinal brush border |
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Term
| How are caliciviruses spread? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the main clinical symptoms of caliciviruses? |
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Definition
| GASTROENTERITIS: Diarrhea and nausea (no blood in stools; fever; fast incubation (24-48 hours) |
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Term
| How are flaviviridae (arboviruses) spread? |
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Definition
| Arthropod Borne Viruses (ABV) spread via MOSQUITOS |
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Term
| What characterizes the initial viremia in arboviruses? |
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Definition
| Chills, headaches, backaches, influenza-like symptoms |
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Term
| What is the reservoir for arboviruses and in what seasons do they usually show up? |
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Definition
| Birds and small mammals; summer and rainy seasons when mosquitos breed |
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Term
| What is the major cause of arboviral encephalitis in North America? |
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Definition
| St. Louis Encepthalitis Virus |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of St. Louis Encephalitis Virus? |
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Definition
Ranging from mild non-specific febrile illness to aseptic meningitis or SEVERE OVERWHELMING ENCEPHALITIS-
60% have permanent neurological impairment |
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Term
| What are the modes of transmission of West Nile Virus? |
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Definition
| Mosquitos, blood transfusions, breast milk, organ transplants |
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Term
| What characterizes West Nile Fever and how long does it last? |
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Definition
| Fever, headache, body aches, sometimes rash on trunk, swollen lymph nodes; SEVERAL DAYS |
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Term
| What characterizes West Nile Encephalitis? |
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Definition
| High fever, neck stiffness, stupor, disorientation, coma, tremors, convulsions, muscle weakness, paralysis- LASTS SEVERAL WEEKS |
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Term
| What virus is also known as "bone break fever"? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is Dengue fever transmitted? |
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Definition
| Aedes mosquito (day feeder) |
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Term
| Where is Dengue fever usually found, and how many cases are recorded per year? |
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Definition
Mid East, Africa, Far East, Carribean;
1 million |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of Dengue fever? |
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Definition
| BACK BONE PAIN, Fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, BACK BONE PAIN, nausea and vomiting, rash and hemorrhagic manifestations; BACK BONE PAIN |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever? |
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Definition
| Fever, skin hemorrhages, gingival bleeding, nasal bleeding, GI bleeding, hematuria, BLEEDING BLEEDING BLEEDING, low platelets, leaky capillaries |
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Term
| Where is Yellow Fever usually found? |
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Definition
| Caribbean, Central and South America, Africa |
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Term
| What type of mosquito spreads Yellow Fever? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the symptoms of Yellow Fever? |
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Definition
Fever, chills, headache and hemmorrhage
SEVERE systemic disease degenerates liver, kidney, and heart
Can cause HEMORRHAGE
JAUNDICE= from liver involvement- where the name Yellow Fever comes from |
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Term
| What virus causes black vomit from massive gastrointestinal hemorrhages? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the structure of Hepatitis C and how is it spread? |
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Definition
Positive Stranded ENEVELOPED RNA Virus; non-A, non-B hepatitis;
spread by PARENTERAL (breaking the skin) or Sexual contact |
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Term
| What is the main issue with chronic Hep C and how is it treated? |
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Definition
| Cirrhosis; IFN Alpha and ribavirin |
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Term
| What type of vaccine is available for Yellow Fever? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What virus causes German Measles? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is Equine Encephalitis (Western, Eastern, and Venezuelan) spread, and what is its reservoir? |
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Definition
| Mosquito borne; wild birds are reservoirs, horses are also hosts |
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Term
| What is the main issue with Equine Encephalitis? |
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Definition
| Viremia spreading to the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| Respiratory droplets, but also crosses the placenta TERATOGENIC |
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Term
| During what part of gestation is the risk of Rubella teratogenicity most severe? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What type of vaccine is available for Rubella? |
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Definition
| Attenuated- Single strain- part of MMR |
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Term
| What is unique about the appearance/structure of coronaviridae (hint: what does corona mean?)? |
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Definition
| Large surface glycoprotein spikes give it a crown appearance |
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Term
| What virus is the second most common cause of the common cold? |
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Definition
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Term
| SARS is part of what viral family? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are two subgroups of picornaviridae? |
|
Definition
| Enteroviruses and Rhinoviruses |
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Term
| Where is picornavirus replicatoin initiated?> |
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Definition
| Mucosa and lymphoid tissue |
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Term
| What are the two ways that Polio spreads to the brain? |
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Definition
| Crossing the BBB, or gaining access via skeletal muscle and traveling up nerves to the brain |
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Term
| Where do picornaviruses get produced and shed? |
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Definition
| From the intestine for more than 30 days |
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Term
| How are picornaviruses, like polio, coxsackie, and echovirus, spread? |
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Definition
| Fecal Oral- THEY DO NOT CAUSE ENTERIC DISEASE |
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Term
| What are the portals of entry for picornaviruses, like polio, coxsackie, and echovirus? |
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Definition
| Upper respiratory tract, oropharynx, and intestinal tract |
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Term
| How do picornavirus virions react to the stomach? |
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Definition
| They are stable in stomach acid, proteases, and bile, and replicate at a higher temperature |
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Term
| What is unique about tissue tropism in Polio? |
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Definition
| It is very narrow- must have Polio virus receptor |
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Term
| What cells are susceptible to poliovirus? |
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Definition
| Anterior horn cells, dorsal root ganglia, motor neurons, skeletal muscle cells, and lymphoid cells |
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Term
| What fosters transmission of polio, and for how long can asymptomatic shedding occur? |
|
Definition
| Poor sanitation, crowded living conditions; up to 1 month |
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Term
| What are the 5 types of polio? |
|
Definition
Asymptomatic;
Abortive (mild febrile illness);
Non-paralytic (muscle spasms);
Paralytic (Flaccid paralysis with NO SENSORY LOSS);
Bulbar Poliomyelitis |
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Term
| What is Bulbar Poliomyelitis? |
|
Definition
| Can be deadly- severe paralysis of pharynx, vocal cords, respiratory tract |
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Term
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Definition
| Coxsackie A- fever, sore throat, pain on swallowing, anorexia, vomiting- vesicular ulcerated lesions around soft palate and uvula |
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Term
| What is the classical finding in Herpangina? |
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Definition
| Vesicular Ulcerated Lesions around soft palate and uvula |
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Term
| What is Hand-Foot and Mouth Disease? |
|
Definition
| Coxsackie A16- vesicular lesions on hand, feet, mouth, and tongue- mildly febrile- only lasts a few days |
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Term
| So, if I tell you a patient has vesicular lesions on their hands, feet, mouth, and tongue, you will think that they have? |
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Definition
| Hand-Foot and Mouth Disease |
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Term
|
Definition
| Devils Grip- from coxsackie B- named such because of SEVERE pain in the lower chest unilaterally- fever, abdominal pain, and vomiting- resolves in 4 days |
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Term
| What virus causes SEVERE unilateral lower thoracic pain? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What other infections are caused by Coxsackie B virus? |
|
Definition
Myocardial- fever with sudden unexplained heart failure (CYANOSIS, TACHYCARDIA, CARDIOMEGALY, HEPATOMEGALY)
Pericardial- Acute benign pericarditis that affects young adults- symptoms of MI |
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Term
| What virus causes SUDDEN UNEXPLAINED HEART FAILURE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What virus causes BENIGN PERICARDITIS in young adults? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Viral Aseptic Meningitis? |
|
Definition
| Coxsackie- acute febrile illness accompanied by headache and signs of meningitis- can have rash |
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Term
|
Definition
| Fever of Unknown Origin- can be Coxsackie or Echo- maculopapular eruptions |
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|
Term
| What virus(s) cause ACUTE HEMORRHAGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS? |
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Definition
| Enterovirus70/coxsackieA24 |
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|
Term
| How is Hep A commonly transmitted? |
|
Definition
| Consumption of raw or undercooked shellfish from sewage infested water |
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|
Term
| What are the vaccines and treatments for Hep A? |
|
Definition
| Inactivated vaccine; hyperimmune serum for post exposure prophylaxis |
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Term
| What are some characteristics of Rhinoviruses? |
|
Definition
Upper respiratory infections- self-limiting without causing severe disease;
COMMON COLD;
80% bind to the ICAM receptor |
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|
Term
| At what temperature does rhinovirus replicate, and what does this mean? |
|
Definition
| 33 degrees C; probably limits its predilection for the nasal mucosa |
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|
Term
| How are picornaviruses treated? |
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Definition
| PLECONARIL- new- interferes with viral uncoating |
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