Term
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Definition
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Definition
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INNATE IMMUNITY: FIRST line defenses |
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Definition
Physical Chemical Normal Microbiota/flora |
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Term
Innate immunity; second line defenses |
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Definition
1. phagocytes 2. Inflammation 3. Fever 4. antimicrobial substances |
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Definition
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Definition
tears, saliva = lysozymes
lactoferrins & transferrins
Defensins |
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Term
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Definition
host defense peptides (innate immunity) |
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Term
lactoferrins & transferrins |
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Definition
found in tears, saliva, mucosa, have antibacterial properties |
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Term
normal flora/microbiota - 3 ways of protecting us against pathogens |
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Definition
1. competitive exclusion 2. toxic byproduct production 3. alteration of environment |
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Term
Hematopoietic cell *stem cell produces: (3) blood cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Neutrophils Basophils Eusinophils
have granules of antimicrobial enzymes & chemicals in cyctoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
perform phagocytosis...
Macrophages Dendritic Cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
3 types of LEUKOCYTES (WBCs) |
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Definition
1. Granulocytes 2. Mononuclear Phagocytes 3. Lymphocytes |
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Definition
histamine -- allergy role |
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Term
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Definition
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which is better phagocyte: neutrophil or eusinophil? |
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Definition
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Term
Lymphocytes play role in... |
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Definition
adaptive immunity -- non phagocytic |
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Term
2 "professional phagocytes" |
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Definition
neutrophils and macrophages |
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Term
_________ make up most WBCs in blood content |
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Definition
neutrophils (~60 percent) |
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Term
Phagocytosis Process: 6 steps |
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Definition
1. chemotaxis 2. recognition and attachment 3. engulfment: phagosome 4. formation of phagolysosome 5. digestion 6. exocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
TLRs attach to PAMPS (specific patterns in peptidoglycan of cell wall of bacteria) and induce cytokines that regulate DURATION and INTENSITY of immune response |
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Term
S. pyrogenes and S. pneumoniae do what to evade phagocytosis |
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Definition
inhibit adherence: M protein, capsule |
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Term
Staph aureus does what to evade phagocytosis |
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Definition
kill phagocyte with leukocidins |
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Term
listeria does what to evade phagocytosis |
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Definition
lyses phagocyte with MACs |
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Term
Shigella and Rickitsetta do what to evade phagocytosis |
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Definition
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Term
HIV and TB do what to evade phagocytosis |
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Definition
prevent phagosome-lysosome complex from forming |
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Term
coxiella does what to prevent phagocytosis |
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Definition
survives in phagolysosome |
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Term
Second Line of Defense: INFLAMMATION |
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Definition
LOCALIZED RESPONSE. symptoms & signs:
RUBOR CALOR DOLOR EDEMA |
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Term
Inflammation process: 6 steps |
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Definition
1. trigger 2. vasodilation 3. increased permeability of vessels 4. Diapedesis 5. Phagocytosis 6. Tissue repair (pus formation) |
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Term
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Definition
migration of phagocytes to site of injury in inflammation process |
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Term
Chemicals released by damaged cells: 4 |
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Definition
HISTAMINES
PROSTAGLANDINS
kinins
leukotrienes |
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Term
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Definition
IL1 produced by macrophages in response to encountering pathogens, stimulates hypothalamus to raise set point |
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Term
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Definition
activity of WBCs increased by higher temperatures
? |
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Term
Interferon, 3 types and function |
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Definition
alpha and beta cause antiviral proteins to be made
gamma causes neutrophils and macrophages to PHAGOCYTOSE pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
system of antimicrobial proteins |
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Term
complement system: proteins and role |
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Definition
C3b = opsinator
C3a and C5a = inflammation
cytolysis = form MACs |
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Term
complement system activated through 3 pathways: |
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Definition
classical
lectin
alternate |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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C5b and up involved in... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
does immune system generate response or does it come from external sources |
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Term
naturally acquired active immunity example |
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Definition
exposure to pathogen, creates immune response by own body |
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Term
artificially acquired active immunity example |
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Definition
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Term
artificially acquired passive immunity example |
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Definition
1. antibodies passed to FOETUS from MOTHER -- against, especially, GI and URI pathogens/infections 2. antibodies passed from mother to child through BREASTMILK |
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Term
artificial passive examples #2 |
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Definition
injection of pre-made antibodies...example: snake bite, hep b -- don't have time to wait for immune response |
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Term
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Definition
any substance that stimulates an immune response |
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Term
antigens usually _____ or ______ |
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Definition
proteins or lipoproteins, can be polysaccharides |
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Term
part of antigen that stimulates immune response is called... |
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Definition
EPITOPE: antigenic components of cell wall, or other site for boding of antibodies, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
antigens that are too small (under 10,000 daltons) to stimulate immune response by themselves...can only do that if somehow attach to CARRIER
ex: penicillin allergy |
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Term
Particulate antigens removed by
soluble antigens removed by |
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Definition
PRECIPITATION
AGGLUTINATION |
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Term
lymphocytes: phagocytic or not? |
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Definition
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Term
what type of antigens provoke strongest immune response? |
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Definition
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Term
B Lymphocytes originate from _____ |
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Definition
bone marrow, hence the "B" |
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Term
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Definition
generated continuously in bone marrow, but only about 10% mature and leave
why? -- must pass thru "gates" to ensure is not self-cell targeting |
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Term
what constitutes mature B lymphocyte? |
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Definition
has BCR - "b-cell receptor" |
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Term
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Definition
b-lymphocyte-bound antibody, NON-SECRETED (as other antibodies are) |
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Term
self-targeting b lymphocytes are killed by... |
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Definition
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Term
if b lymphocyte finds its specific antigen... |
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Definition
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Term
primary humoral response steps (4) |
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Definition
1. recognition of antigen by B-lymphocytes 2. proliferation of B-lymphocytes 3. differentiation into plasma cells and MEMORY CELLS 4. secretion of ANTIBODIES by plasma cells |
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Term
memory cells have ___, plasma cells do not |
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Definition
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primary class / first produced ? |
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Definition
IG-M immunoglobulin-M (secreted by plasma cells) |
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Term
what is secondary / second produced in humoral response? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
IG-G has higher affinity to antigen, also produced in higher amounts
so better quality and quantity |
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Term
t-lymphocytes MATURE in the... |
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Definition
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Term
t-independent vs t-dependent |
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Definition
t independent antigens (~10% of time) no help needed, B-lymphocytes take care of antigen by themselves
t-dependent antigen: needs help of HELPER T-CELLS ---> help by releasing CYTOKINES to allow b-lymphocytes to differentiate into plasma + memory cells |
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Term
secondary humoral response steps (3) |
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Definition
1. recognition by MEMORY CELLS 2. Proliferation of MEMORY CELLS 3. Differentiation into MEMORY CELLS and PLASMA CELLS (which release antibodies) |
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Term
Primary humoral response activated when? secondary humoral response activated when? ` |
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Definition
primary if NEW pathogen/not previously exposed
secondary if previously "seen" antigen |
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Term
memory cells have BCRs
plasma cells DO NOT have BCRs |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
primary antibody in primary humoral response, secreted by plasma cells |
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Term
Humoral response mechanism: BCRs role? |
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Definition
mature B-lymphocytes have BCRs or "B-cell receptors" -- NON-SECRETED, surface-bound antibodies which are selective for specific antigen |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
variable region involved in.... |
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Definition
binding to antigen -- BIVALENT: each can bind to 2 antigen epitopes |
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Term
constant region serves as? |
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Definition
way to CLASSIFY ANTIBODY, can attach to host cell or complement as well |
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Term
which antibody has PLACENTAL TRANSFER |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
enhances phagocytosis, neutralizes toxins and viruses, protects fetus and newborn |
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Term
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Definition
first produces in response to initial infection; especially effective against microorganisms and agglutinating antigens |
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Term
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Definition
blood serum, tears, saliva, mucosa, intestines, breast milk
provides localized protection on mucous membranes |
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Term
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Definition
bound to basophil and mast cells |
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Term
steps of outcome of Antigen-Antibody binding? |
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Definition
1. neutralization 2. immobilization / prevent adherence (bind to flagella, for example) 3. Agglutination/precipitation 4. opsonization 5. complement protein action |
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Term
agglutination is for ______ antigens |
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Definition
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Term
precipitation for ________ antigens |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. inactivated 2. attenuated 3. toxoid 4. subunit |
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Term
inactivated vaccine? produces what response? |
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Definition
dead pathogen; produces HUMORAL RESPONSE ONLY |
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Term
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Definition
live pathogen but genetically modified (but can sometimes mutate "back" to original, virulent form)
most robust response, triggers both humoral and cell-mediated response |
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Term
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Definition
injection of altered version of TOXIN produced by the vaccine; ex: TETANUS |
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Term
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Definition
only selected epitopes of the pathogen
only stimulates response to those epitopes |
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Term
cell-mediated immune response involves? |
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Definition
t-lymphocytes and cytokines |
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Term
cytokines that communicate between leukocytes (WBCs) are called? |
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Definition
interleukins
IL-1, IL-2, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
major histocompatability complex |
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Term
T-cell receptors TCRs combine with co-receptors: 2 kinds |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
TCR + CD4 cells (T-helper cells) |
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Term
Antigen recognition by T-lymphocytes |
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Definition
antigen has to be presented to T-cell as MHC-1 and Antigen |
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Term
for MHC-1, for example, antigen expressed for recognition by T-lymphocyte would be? |
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Definition
viral protein expressed on surface |
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Term
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Definition
most nucleated cells of body (alone, help recognize as "self" cells) |
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Term
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Definition
on surface of ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS such as:
dendritic cells, B-cells, macrophages |
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Term
cytotoxic t lymphocites recognition of antigen... |
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Definition
CytotoxicT Lymphocytes TC(CTL) a)After recognition of an antigen, two celltypes produced: effector(CTL) & memory cells b)Function of CTL: destruction of target cellsvirus-infected cells, cancer cells, incompatible tissue grafts c)When target cell is spotted, granules with perforinare released by CTL d)This protein is inserted into the membrane of the offending cell, to form a pore leading to death of the target. |
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Term
Antigen + MHC-1 will be presented to? |
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Definition
TCR + CD8 containing t-lymphocyte |
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Term
Antigen + MHC-2 will be presented to? |
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Definition
TCR + CD8 containing t-lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
1. APC (macrophage, b-cell, or dentridic cell) phagocytoses bacteria/virus 2. APC displays bacterial fragments/viral proteins on its MHC-2 3. T cell uses TCR + CD4 to recognize infected APC. 4. proliferates, differentiates into MEMORY CELLS & T-helper cells 5. T-helper cells secrete cytokines to APCs |
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Term
cytokine effect on T lymphocytes? macrophages? b-lymphocytes?> |
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Definition
t-lymphocytes & macrophages: increase PHAGOCYTIC ability
b-lymphocyte: recieve cytokines and participate in T-DEPENDENT HUMORAL RESPONSE*
*overlap of humoral and cell mediated response |
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Term
B cell - how does it take up antigen? |
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Definition
not by phagocytosis, it uses RECEPTOR MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS to uptake antigen so can then display |
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Term
overlap of INNATE IMMUNITY & CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY? |
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Definition
interaction between macrophages of INNATE IMMUNITY and T-HELPER CELLS of CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY |
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Term
NK Cells
how recognize antigen? |
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Definition
recognize LACK OF MHC-1 on cell, after viral infection suppresses MHC-1 expression --- does not require antigen |
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Term
NK cells: specific or nonspecific? |
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Definition
nonspecific, b/c do not use ANTIGEN RECOGNITION to recognize infected cells |
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Term
IgM: IgG: IgE: IgA: IgG: main trait? |
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Definition
IgM: 1st responder of PRIMARY HUMORAL IgG: 1st responder of SECONDARY HUMORAL IgE: Allergic rxns IgA: naturally acquired passive immunity (colostrum) |
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Term
protein antigens are best, and t-dependent...so |
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Definition
provoke strongest response |
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Term
intracellular virus can be dealt with by? |
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Definition
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Term
extracellular viruses can be dealt with by? |
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Definition
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Term
effective against viral infections? |
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Definition
interferon antibodies NK cells macrophages cytotoxic t cells |
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Term
placental transfer for which antibodies? |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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longest half life in serum? |
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Definition
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Term
which antibodies have COMPLEMENT FIXATION |
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Definition
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Term
IgG predominant antibody of ? |
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Definition
secondary humoral response |
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Term
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Definition
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IgA especially effective at protecting ? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
bound to MAST CELLS, it is NON CIRCULATING |
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Term
Agglutination for __________ |
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Definition
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Term
cell mediated immunity -- transferrable through placenta? |
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Definition
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Term
two major players in CELL MEDIATED immunity |
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Definition
t lymphcytes and cytokines |
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Term
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Definition
cytokines that communicate between leukocytes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
extent / degree of pathogenicity |
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Term
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Definition
causes disease by presence or activity within normal, healthy host |
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Term
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Definition
cause infection in host with depressed resistance |
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Term
routes for pathogens to enter host |
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Definition
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Definition
infectious dose for 50 percent of the population being studied |
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Term
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Definition
lethal dose of a toxin for 50 percent of population |
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Term
adherence by pathogens via? |
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Definition
adhesins/ligands bind to RECEPTORS on host cells
or biofilms |
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Term
three types of adherins/ligands that bind pathogens to receptors on host cells? |
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Definition
glycocalyx
fimbriae
M proteins |
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Term
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Definition
clot fibrinogen (form clot-capsule around pathogen, evade host immunnity) |
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Term
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Definition
breaks up hyluronic acid, which is what holds cells together, so can get into TIGHT JUNCTIONS between cells without having to penetrate membrane |
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Term
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Definition
help pathogens resist phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Mycolic acid does what for pathogens? q |
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Definition
resists DIGESION (think TB) |
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Term
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Definition
digest fibrin clots, help escape from blood-clot "cuccoon) |
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Term
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Definition
alterations of pathogen surface proteins AFTER INFECTION due to multiplication, help evade immunity b/c can transform into different surface proteins than what have antibodies for |
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Term
Exotoxins found mostly in ________ bacteria |
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Definition
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Term
Exotoxins mostly consist of PROTEINS/LIPID A
Endotoxins mostly consist of PROTEINS/LIPID A |
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Definition
exo = proteins
endo = lipid A |
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Term
endotoxins = lipid A because are found as part of ? |
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Definition
cell outer MEMBRANE in GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA |
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Term
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Definition
produced by PATHOGENS to provoke a LARGE, NON-SPECIFIC RESPONSE that overwhelms host with large amount of cytokine over-release, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
study of the CAUSE and DISTRIBUTION of disease in populations |
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Term
Mutualism =
Commensalism =
Parasitism = |
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Definition
mutual = + + commensal = + ( ) parasitism = + - |
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Term
normal microbiota protect host by ? (3) |
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Definition
occupy niches that pathogens might occupy produce acids produce bacteriocins |
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Term
normal flora composition can fluctuate due to? |
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Definition
hormonal changes food consumption antibiotics |
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Term
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Definition
disease makes person UNHEALTHY |
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Term
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Definition
symptoms not measurable (nausea, pain)
signs are MEASURABLE (fever, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
association of signs, symptoms, and other characteristics that signal potential issue |
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Term
acute disease vs subacute disease |
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Definition
acute = rapid onset of symptoms
subacute = symptoms develop at rate between acute and chronic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
includes latent period when causative agent inactive |
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Term
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Definition
toxic inflammatory condition arising from spread of microbes -- especially BACTIERA or BACTERIAL TOXINS -- from a focal infection |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
GROWTH of bacteria in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
toxins in blood, viruses in blood |
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Term
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Definition
no noticable signs or symptoms -- INAPPARENT infection |
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Term
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Definition
incubation, PRODROMAL, illness, decline., convalescence |
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Term
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Definition
physical contact or DROPLET TRANSMISSION |
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Term
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Definition
inanimate objects or FOMITES |
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Term
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Definition
inanimate object or substance capable of carrying infectious organisms |
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Term
2 methods of TRANSMISSION BY VECTORS |
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Definition
mechanical transmission (on foot/body of vector)
biological transmission -- pathogen reproduces inside vector (mosquito, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
hospital acquired infections |
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Term
prevention of microbial entry into respiratory system (5 ways) |
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Definition
1. hair in nasal passages 2. IgA 3. Normal microbiota 4. Ciliary escalator 5. alveolar macrophages |
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Term
upper respiratory system (4 components) |
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Definition
Nose Pharynx (throat) middle ear eustachian tubes |
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Term
lower respiratory system components (5) |
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Definition
larynx trachea bronchial tubes alveoli pleura |
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Term
normal microbiota how help respiratory system> |
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Definition
suppress pathogens by COMPETITIVE INHIBITION in UPPER respiratory system |
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Term
Streptococcal pharyngitis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
cytotoxic to tissue cells, leukocytes, RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
caused by Streptococcus pyogenes -- |
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Term
scarlet fever symtoms/signs |
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Definition
pharyngitis, rash due to ERYTHROGENIC TOXIN produced by lysogenized S. pyogenes |
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Term
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Definition
corynebacterium diphtheriae -- Gm + |
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Term
corynebacterium diphtheriae unique b/c |
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Definition
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Term
diphtheria toxin is ____toxin |
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Definition
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Term
diphtheria toxin producec by ________ |
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Definition
lysogenized c. diphtheriae |
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Term
diphtheria produces what unique element? |
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Definition
gray-ish membrane in throat |
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Term
diphtheria prevented by _______ vaccine |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
minimal circulation of toxin, infected skin wound slow to heal |
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Term
otitis media most often caused by? |
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Definition
S. pneumoniae or H. Influenzae (doesn't cause flu, it's a bactiera, not a virus) |
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Term
common cold caused by what two types of viruses? |
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Definition
rhinovirus or coronavirus |
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Term
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Definition
bordatella pertussis -- gram negative aerobic coccobacillus |
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Term
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Definition
tracheal cytotoxin damages ciliated cells of trachea
pertussis toxin circulates in bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
Diphtheria, Tetanus, acellular Pertussis fragments |
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Term
Stages of pertussis (3 stages) |
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Definition
stage 1: catarrhal stage 2. paroxymal stage 3. convalescence stage |
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Term
TB type that infects humans |
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Definition
Mycobacterium avium-intracelluare -- infects those with late stage HIV infection |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
TB caused by what microbe? |
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Definition
mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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Term
mycobacterium tuberculosis is what type of microbe? |
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Definition
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Term
pathogenesis of tuberculosis step 1 |
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Definition
macrophage ingests tuberculosis pathogen |
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Term
pathogenesis of tuberculosis step 2 |
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Definition
tubercule bacilli multiplying IN macrophages brings additional macrophages to site, forming layer -- release lung-damaging cytokines |
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Term
pathogenesis of tuberculosis step 3 |
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Definition
macrophages inside tubercle die, releasing tubercule bacilli -- change for disease to go latent at this stage |
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Term
pathogenesis of tuberculosis step 4 |
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Definition
caseous center enlarges within tubercle
bacilli multiply OUTSIDE macrophages |
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Term
pathogenesis of tuberculosis step 5 |
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Definition
tubercle ruptures, spreading bacilli to bronchiole |
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Term
pneumonia types: gram positive diplococci? |
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Definition
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Term
pneumococcal pneumonia caused by what bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
hallmark sign of pneumococcal pneumonia |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
H. influenzae pneumonia more likely in individuals with? |
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Definition
poor nutrition or alcoholism, cancer, diabetes |
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Term
walking pneumonia caused by? |
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Definition
mycoplasma pneumoniae -- common in children and young adults; ATYPICAL pneumonia |
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Term
mycoplasmal pneumonia causes growth with what characteristic appearance? |
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Definition
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Term
which pneumonia found in water? |
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Definition
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Term
which pneumonia transmitted by bird droppings> |
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Definition
psittacosis
*chlamydophila psittaci |
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Term
chlamydial pneumonia is transmittable how? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
q fever unique characteristic? |
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Definition
vector-bourne via TICKS, reservoir = large mammals |
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Term
viral pneumonia caused as complication of.... |
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Definition
influenza, measles, chickenpox |
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Term
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Definition
respiratory syncytial virus |
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Term
RSV causes what in cell culture? |
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Definition
fusion of cells (syncytium) |
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Term
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Definition
HA = hemagglutinin - spikes used for attachment to host cell
NA = neuraminidase = spikes used to RELEASE virus from cell |
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Term
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Definition
changes to HA and NA spikes in flue
due to recombination between different strains infecting same cell |
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Term
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Definition
point mutations in genes encoding NA or HA spikes
allow virus to avoid mucosal IgA antibodies |
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Term
digestive system defenses: 3 |
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Definition
stomach acid
paneth cells
normal microbiota of mouth and gut |
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Term
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Definition
When exposed to bacteria or bacterial antigens, Paneth cells secrete some of these compounds into the lumen of the intestinal gland, thereby contributing to maintenance of the gastrointestinal barrier. |
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Term
bacteria causing tooth decay? |
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Definition
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Term
tooth decay only NEEDS _____ not ______ |
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Definition
sucrose, not necessarily GLUCOSE |
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Term
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Definition
decay of gingiva (gums) leads to periodontal pockets |
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Term
periodontal disease caused by what microorganism? |
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Definition
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Term
prevotella intermedia causes? |
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Definition
acute necrotizing gingivitis |
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Term
infection vs intoxication --- which has longer incubation period? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
dysentary involves stools with presence of MUCUS and/or BLOOD |
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Term
staphylococcal food poisoning pathogen? |
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Definition
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Term
staphylococcal food poisoning superantigen? |
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Definition
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Term
"S"taphylococcal food poisoning involves "S"uperantigen |
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Definition
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Term
bacterial dysentary caused by? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
shigellosis unique charact. |
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Definition
Shiga exotoxin and endotoxin (lipid A) |
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Term
Shigella entry into host cell? |
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Definition
Ruffling, entry at M cell of epithelial cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
salmonella food poisoning caused by? |
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Definition
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Term
shigella vs salmonella difference? |
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Definition
shigella doesn't get into bloodstream, more easily phagocytosed |
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Term
staphylococcal food poisoning NOT prevented by cooking - why? |
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Definition
contamination of cooked food by food handlers after cookin' |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
typhoid fever causedc by? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
vibrio cholerae -- produces CHOLERA TOXIN |
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Term
Cholera toxin effect on body? |
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Definition
causes cells to secrete Cl-, HCO3-, and water --- lose electrolytes and water rapidly |
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Term
where do most NON-CHOLERA VIBRIOS come from? |
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Definition
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Term
pathogenic E coli characteristics? 3 |
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Definition
attach to intestinal wall via FIMBRAE
produce TOXINS
can AGGREGATE |
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Term
Traveler's diarrhea caused by? |
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Definition
entertoxigenic, enteroinvasive, enteroaggregative E coli |
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Term
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Definition
Shiga-toxin-producing E coli |
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Term
Campylobacter gastroenteritis caused by> |
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Definition
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Term
campylobacter jejuni reservoir? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
3 viral diseases of digestive system |
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Definition
mumps, rotavirus, norovirus |
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Term
chacteristic sign of MUMPS? |
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Definition
swollen face (infected parotid glands) |
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Term
Rotavirus and Norovirus cause? |
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Definition
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Term
Hepatitis can be caused by what three viruses? |
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Definition
Ebstein Barr
CMV (cytomegalovirus)
heptatitis viruses (multiple) |
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Term
which hepatitis DOESN'T HAVE A VACCINE? |
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Definition
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Term
HEP A & E do not cause CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
HEP B unique characteristic |
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Definition
forms "defective" non DNA-containing particles |
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Term
ERGOT poisoning associated with? |
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Definition
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Term
Aflatoxin poisoning via what route? |
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Definition
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Term
amoebic disentery caused by> |
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Definition
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Term
amoebic dysentery unique characteristic? |
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Definition
necrosis of tissue, causes abcesses |
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Term
hydatid disease -- unique characteristic/ |
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Definition
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