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Micro Final
yep.
137
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
05/10/2011

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
pneumonia
Definition
what condition is rarely seen in a person who is NOT sufficiently immunocompromised?
Term
pharyngitis
Definition
what condition is NOT typically caused by an organism that may be considered normal flora?
Term
rhinitis
Definition
what condition occurs most commonly as a result of a primary infection but can lead to secondary infection?
Term
cerebrospinal fluid
Definition

which of the following should be considered sterile?

saliva, feces, urine, CSF

Term
shiga toxin
Definition

which toxin inhibits protein synthesis?

Term
enterotoxin
Definition
which toxin increases fluid and electrolyte secretion by host cell?
Term
endotoxin
Definition
which toxin is only produced by gram negative bacteria?
Term
tetanus
Definition
which disease of the CNS is associated with spastic paralysis?
Term
rabies
Definition
which disease would you treat by administering a vaccination? tetanus, botulism, whooping cough, or rabies?
Term
botulism
Definition
which disease is most commonly associated with consumption of contaminated home canned goods?
Term
whooping cough
Definition
which disease's symptoms are partially due to loss of ciliated cells?
Term
tuberculosis
Definition
which disease is caused by a bacterium that can divide after being engulfed by macrophages?
Term
salivary glands
Definition
which accessory organ of the GI tract produces a substance that plays a role in the initial breakdown of food particles
Term
gall bladder
Definition
which accessory organ of the GI tract stores substances used to break down food particles in the small intestine and releases these substances into the small intestine when food begins leaving the stomach?
Term
fluid and electrolyte production
Definition
which of the following is NOT a function of normal flora in the intestines? microbial antagonism, digestion, fluid and electrolyte production, or nutrient production?
Term
mantoux test, chest x-ray, and acid-fast stain
Definition
what are the tests used to diagnose tuberculosis?
Term
because of the dormant stage and because of the virulence of the disease
Definition
why must patients with TB be given long term antibiotic therapy?
Term
the level of the virus that is present in the blood and the level of T-helpers that are present in the blood
Definition
what determines the severity of symptoms that an HIV patient has?
Term
trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
Definition
what are some organs that make up the lower respiratory tract?
Term
1. less able to recognize antigens 2. the tight junction vessels of the BBB prevent less from getting through 3. the ones that do get through are not as effective as they would be in other parts of the body
Definition
how is the nervous system immunologically privileged?
Term
community-acquired and nosocomial
Definition
what are the two major types of pneumonia?
Term
staph induced- you only have to ingest the toxin but for clostridium, the actual bacteria must be present, and it has to reach the stomach before releasing the toxin
Definition
why does it take longer for a person to get sick from clostridium perfringens induced food poisoning that staph induced?
Term
the 3 simultaneous drugs affect different pathways and cause there to be less resistance to the drugs
Definition
what are the benefits of treating a person with 3 different drugs simultaneously (cocktail approach) for HIV?
Term
contaminated eggs, poultry
Definition
what is a common source of salmonella enterica infection?
Term
hepatitis B
Definition
which hepatitis virus can be prevented with a vaccine?
Term
virus divides in salivary glands- causing the inflammation of the salivary glands
Definition
why is parotitis common in mumps?
Term
CD4
Definition
what cell type is preferentially attacked by HIV?
Term
petichiae
Definition
what is the hallmark symptom of meningiococacal meningitis caused by neisseria meningitidis?
Term
LPS
Definition
what is endotoxin?
Term
antibiotics and antidiarrheals
Definition
what 2 medications should NOT be used to treat escherichia coli O157:H7?
Term
attaches virus to host cell
Definition
what is the function of hemagglutinin?
Term
in the mucous
Definition
where is IgA found in the respiratory or GI tracts?
Term
upper respiratory tract
Definition
what is the most common source of infectious agents that cause pneumonia?
Term
pregnant women and patients who have AIDS
Definition
give two examples of people who would be considered immunocompromised?
Term
protection
Definition
what is the function of the BBB?
Term
through specialized transport proteins
Definition
how do things move through the BBB?
Term
indirect ELISA
Definition
which immunologic test looks for the presence of antibody in a patient sample by seeing if the sample binds to a known antigen that is fixed to a plate?
Term
precipitation reaction
Definition
which type of immunologic test relies on the characteristic that the combination of a particular antibody and antigen is insoluble?
Term
western blotting
Definition
which type of immunologic test requires that the proteins in a patient's serum first be separated according to size on a gel?
Term
sulfonamides
Definition
which antibiotic does NOT inhibit protein synthesis? aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, or sulfonamides?
Term
inhibition of mitosis
Definition
what is not a common mechanism of action for antibiotics?
Term
inhibition of RNA synthesis, inhibition of folic acid synthesis, and alteration of membrane integrity
Definition
what are common mechanisms of action for antibiotics?
Term
zoonotic
Definition
an infection that can be transmitted from an animal to human
Term
endemic
Definition
an infectious disease that maintains a steady frequency within a specific population
Term
antibody production
Definition
NOT a component of the innate immune response?
Term
phagocytosis, complement fixation, and interferon production
Definition
what are the components of the innate immune response?
Term
mucous droplets
Definition
which is NOT a means of INDIRECT transmission of an infectious disease? blood transfusion, air, fomites, or mucous droplets?
Term
MHC class II
Definition
which immune receptor is found only on antigen presenting cells?
Term
immunoglobulin
Definition
which immune receptor can be released from the cell to facilitate pathogen destruction?
Term
platelet
Definition
which is not a type of white blood cell? neutrophil, mast cell, platelet, lymphocyte?
Term
prevention of viral particles from entering host cells, prevention of transcription or translation of viral proteins, and prevention of viral particle maturation
Definition
what are major mechanisms of action of antiviral drugs?
Term
destruction of extracellular viral particles
Definition
what is NOT a major mechanism of action of antiviral drugs?
Term
blood
Definition
in which body tissue or fluid would you NOT expect to find normal flora?
Term
prevalence
Definition
the term that describes the statistic in epidemiology that represents the number of existing cases of a disease from a specified period of time in a given population?
Term
mortality
Definition
the term describes the statistic in epidemiology that represents the number of deaths caused by a disease that occurred in a specified period of time in a given population 
Term
incidence
Definition
the term that describes the statistic in epidemiology that represents the number of new cases of a disease that occurred in a specified period of time in a given population
Term
survey the body, recognize the pathogen, and destroy it
Definition
what are the three major functions of the immune system?
Term
penicillin and sulfanamide
Definition
what two antibiotics are most likely to cause an allergic reaction?
Term
specificity and memory
Definition
what two major characteristics of the acquired immune response set it apart from the innate immune response?
Term
they are inserted into the body as a false antigen so that the body will build up an immunity (ex. attenuated virus). their main function if to make memory cells by falsely creating an immune response in the host.. they cause the 1st or 2nd immune response without making the host sick
Definition
how do vaccinations work?
Term
a naive one has never seen/been exposed to an antigen; a mature lymphocyte has been exposed to an antigen
Definition
how does a naive lymphocyte differ from a mature lymphocyte?
Term
neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages
Definition
what three cell types can be classified as phagocytes?
Term
alternative splicing
Definition
what is the process called that allows cells to express millions of distinct immune receptors even though they only contain a few thousand genes in the entire genome?
Term
B cells and T cells
Definition
what two cell types can be classified as lymphocytes?
Term
mutation and acquisition of new genes
Definition
what two cellular events can drive the acquisition of drug resistance?
Term
in second exposure, they are produced much more rapidly and stronger. the first exposure is slow because it's never seen the antigen before and has to start from scratch in its response to it.
Definition
how does antibody production differ between the first and second exposure to an antigen?
Term
toxicity, allergy, and suppression of normal flora
Definition
what three adverse reactions may occur between a drug and a host?
Term
koch's postulates
Definition
how do you determine if a particular microorganism is responsible for an observed disease?
Term
the process of the formation of blood cells. it produces precursor cells which will then either mature in the bone marrow if they are B cells or in the thymus if they are T cells
Definition
what is hematopoiesis?
Term
inhibit cell wall synthesis leading to cell lysis
Definition
how do penicillin antibiotics kill cells?
Term
agglutination, opsonization, complement fixation, and neutralization
Definition
what are the four mechanisms through which secreted antibodies mediate immune response?
Term
it filters and kills the pathogens. it filters the blood.
Definition
what purpose does the spleen serve in immune function?
Term
B cells, macrophages, and dendrites
Definition
what three cell types can act as antigen presenting cells?
Term
kill microbes without harming host
Definition
what is the primary goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy?
Term
mutualism
Definition
what is the relationship between organisms called when the relationship is necessary and beneficial for both organisms?
Term
synergism
Definition
the relationship between organisms when the relationship is not necessary but is beneficial for both organisms
Term
cofactor
Definition
what part of a conjugated enzyme may play a role in bringing the substrate closer to the active site of the enzyme and is usually a metal ion?
Term
holoenzyme
Definition
what is another term for the completed conjugated enzyme?
Term
oxidoreductase
Definition
which type of enzyme is responsible for transferring electrons between substrates?
Term
ligase
Definition
which type of enzyme is responsible for forming a covalent bond between substrates?
Term
antisepsis
Definition
which term refers to killing most life forms on a living surface?
Term
disinfection
Definition
which term refers to killing most life forms on a nonliving surface?
Term
sterilization
Definition
which term refers to killing all life forms?
Term
decontamination
Definition
refers to the mechanical removal of most life forms
Term
ionizing radiation
Definition
kills microbes by causing DNA strands to break
Term
moist heat
Definition
which of the following would most likely be used to prepare a scalpel for use during surgery? moist heat, ionizing radiation, hydrogen peroxide, or dry heat?
Term
aldehydes
Definition
which of the following can be used to sterilize? detergents, phenols, aldehydes, or alcohols?
Term
conjugation
Definition
which of the following involves the transfer of DNA between compatible cells through a pilus?
Term
transduction
Definition
which of the following involves the transfer of DNA between cells with the aid of a virus? transduction, transformation, transposition, or conjugation?
Term
concentration and time
Definition
what two factors are most important for determining the amount of microbial death caused by a microbicidal agent?
Term
cytoplasm in prokaryotes and mitochondrial matrix in eukaryotes
Definition
where does the krebs cycle occur in cells?
Term
it binds to the P site, whereas all other ones after it bind to the A site. its' start codon is AUG.
Definition
what is unique about the first tRNA used in translation?
Term
catabolic proteins
Definition
what types of proteins are typically encoded by an inducible operon?
Term
spontaneous and induced
Definition
what are the two major classes of mutations?
Term
it lowers the amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur so that it can happen more quickly
Definition
how does an enzyme speed up a reaction?
Term
helicase
Definition
which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA during replication?
Term
RNA polymerase does it
Definition
why does transcription not require a special enzyme for unwinding the DNA?
Term
hypotonic
Definition
which solute state is ideal for cells?
Term
relies on organic nutrients
Definition
what is a heterotroph?
Term
where one substrate binds to the active site, blocking the real substrate from binding
Definition
what is competitive inhibition?
Term
oxidative phosphorylation, photophosphorylation, and substrate-level
Definition
what are the three major processes through which ATP is transformed?
Term
ammonia
Definition
what is an example of an inorganic source of nitrogen?
Term
proteins
Definition
what is an example of an organic source of nitrogen?
Term
facilitated, simple, active
Definition
what are the three types of diffusion?
Term

nitrogen--> nitric acid

fatty acid--> lipids

monosaccharide--> carbohydrate

amino acid--> protein

Definition
what kind of macromolecules do each of the macromolecular building blocks build? nitrogen base, fatty acid, monosaccharide, and amino acid
Term
aerotolerant anaerobe
Definition
it is not affected in anyway by oxygen
Term
facultative anaerobe
Definition
it prefers to grow in oxygen rich environments but is able to grow without oxygen also
Term
microaerophile
Definition
it will grow towards the top but not at the surface. it needs O2 but can't grow at atmospheric levels
Term
obligate anaerobe
Definition
cannot live and grow in the presence of oxygen
Term
nucleic acid, capsid, and envelope
Definition
what are the three major structures of an animal virus?
Term
helical and isocahedral
Definition
what are the two major shapes of viral capsids?
Term
cell membrane, chromosomes, and ribosomes
Definition
what three structures are present in ALL living cells?
Term
sterols
Definition
what is present in the cell membrane of eukaryotes to add strength and stability to the structure?
Term
lysogeny
Definition
what is the name of the stage present in some bacteriophage life cycles in which the viral DNA is inserted in the host DNA and the virus remains inactive for a period of time?
Term
fragmentation and spore-formation
Definition
what are the two common reproductive methods of molds?
Term
outer membrane
Definition
what is present in a gram-negative cell that makes it less susceptible to killing by disinfectants?
Term
observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion
Definition
what are the four steps of the scientific method?
Term
pasteur's theory that states that microorganisms cause disease
Definition
what is the germ theory of disease?
Term
decomposition
Definition
what is the breakdown of dead matter and waste into simpler compounds that may then be used by other organisms?
Term
counter-clockwise
Definition
which direction should a flagellum rotate to propel a bacterial cell forward?
Term
peptidoglycan
Definition
what is the primary component of bacterial cell walls?
Term
uncoating
Definition
which step in viral replication occurs with animal viruses but NOT with bacteriophages?
Term
composition of the cell membrane
Definition
which of the following is NOT a difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? how DNA is packaged, composition of cell wall, composition of cell membrane, or presence of organelles?
Term
kingdom, phylum, class, order
Definition
what is the correct listing of taxa in order from most general to most specific?
Term
streptococcus
Definition
which of the following genuses cannot form endospores? sporosacrina, clostridium, streptococcus, or bacillus?
Term
sphere
Definition
what kind of cellular shape would you expect for members of the streptococcus genus?
Term
clusters
Definition
what kind of cellular arrangement would you expect for members of staphylococcus genus?
Term
chains
Definition
what kind of cellular arrangement would you expect for members of the streptococcus genus?
Term
carbon dioxide
Definition
which of the following molecules freely passes through a cell membrane? carbon dioxide, carbohydrate, sodium, or protein?
Term
bacteria
Definition
which of the following is NOT a kingdom in the Whittaker system of classification? fungi, animals, protists, or bacteria?
Term
protists
Definition
which of the following is NOT a kingdom in the Woese-Fox system of classification? fungi, animals, protists, or bacteria?
Term
adenosine
Definition
which of the following nitrogen bases is NOT a pyrimidine? thymine, adenosine, cytosine, or uracil?
Term
Robert Hooke
Definition
who was the first to describe cells as living units?
Term
Joseph Lister
Definition
who has the first to introduce aseptic techniques in the hospital setting to reduce infection?
Term
Antoine van Leeuwenhoek
Definition
who invented the first single lens microscope?
Term
Louis Pasteur
Definition
who performed an experiment that used long, curved-neck flasks to demonstrate that air was the source of contaminating microbes?
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