Term
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Definition
what condition is rarely seen in a person who is NOT sufficiently immunocompromised? |
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Term
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Definition
what condition is NOT typically caused by an organism that may be considered normal flora? |
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Term
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Definition
what condition occurs most commonly as a result of a primary infection but can lead to secondary infection? |
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Term
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Definition
which of the following should be considered sterile?
saliva, feces, urine, CSF
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Term
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Definition
which toxin inhibits protein synthesis?
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Term
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Definition
which toxin increases fluid and electrolyte secretion by host cell? |
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Term
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Definition
which toxin is only produced by gram negative bacteria? |
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Term
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Definition
which disease of the CNS is associated with spastic paralysis? |
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Term
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Definition
which disease would you treat by administering a vaccination? tetanus, botulism, whooping cough, or rabies? |
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Term
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Definition
which disease is most commonly associated with consumption of contaminated home canned goods? |
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Term
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Definition
which disease's symptoms are partially due to loss of ciliated cells? |
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Term
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Definition
which disease is caused by a bacterium that can divide after being engulfed by macrophages? |
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Term
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Definition
which accessory organ of the GI tract produces a substance that plays a role in the initial breakdown of food particles |
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Term
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Definition
which accessory organ of the GI tract stores substances used to break down food particles in the small intestine and releases these substances into the small intestine when food begins leaving the stomach? |
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Term
fluid and electrolyte production |
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Definition
which of the following is NOT a function of normal flora in the intestines? microbial antagonism, digestion, fluid and electrolyte production, or nutrient production? |
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Term
mantoux test, chest x-ray, and acid-fast stain |
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Definition
what are the tests used to diagnose tuberculosis? |
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Term
because of the dormant stage and because of the virulence of the disease |
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Definition
why must patients with TB be given long term antibiotic therapy? |
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Term
the level of the virus that is present in the blood and the level of T-helpers that are present in the blood |
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Definition
what determines the severity of symptoms that an HIV patient has? |
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Term
trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli |
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Definition
what are some organs that make up the lower respiratory tract? |
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Term
1. less able to recognize antigens 2. the tight junction vessels of the BBB prevent less from getting through 3. the ones that do get through are not as effective as they would be in other parts of the body |
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Definition
how is the nervous system immunologically privileged? |
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Term
community-acquired and nosocomial |
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Definition
what are the two major types of pneumonia? |
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Term
staph induced- you only have to ingest the toxin but for clostridium, the actual bacteria must be present, and it has to reach the stomach before releasing the toxin |
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Definition
why does it take longer for a person to get sick from clostridium perfringens induced food poisoning that staph induced? |
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Term
the 3 simultaneous drugs affect different pathways and cause there to be less resistance to the drugs |
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Definition
what are the benefits of treating a person with 3 different drugs simultaneously (cocktail approach) for HIV? |
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Term
contaminated eggs, poultry |
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Definition
what is a common source of salmonella enterica infection? |
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Term
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Definition
which hepatitis virus can be prevented with a vaccine? |
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Term
virus divides in salivary glands- causing the inflammation of the salivary glands |
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Definition
why is parotitis common in mumps? |
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Term
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Definition
what cell type is preferentially attacked by HIV? |
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Term
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Definition
what is the hallmark symptom of meningiococacal meningitis caused by neisseria meningitidis? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
antibiotics and antidiarrheals |
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Definition
what 2 medications should NOT be used to treat escherichia coli O157:H7? |
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Term
attaches virus to host cell |
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Definition
what is the function of hemagglutinin? |
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Term
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Definition
where is IgA found in the respiratory or GI tracts? |
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Term
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Definition
what is the most common source of infectious agents that cause pneumonia? |
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Term
pregnant women and patients who have AIDS |
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Definition
give two examples of people who would be considered immunocompromised? |
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Term
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Definition
what is the function of the BBB? |
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Term
through specialized transport proteins |
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Definition
how do things move through the BBB? |
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Term
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Definition
which immunologic test looks for the presence of antibody in a patient sample by seeing if the sample binds to a known antigen that is fixed to a plate? |
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Term
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Definition
which type of immunologic test relies on the characteristic that the combination of a particular antibody and antigen is insoluble? |
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Term
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Definition
which type of immunologic test requires that the proteins in a patient's serum first be separated according to size on a gel? |
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Term
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Definition
which antibiotic does NOT inhibit protein synthesis? aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, or sulfonamides? |
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Term
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Definition
what is not a common mechanism of action for antibiotics? |
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Term
inhibition of RNA synthesis, inhibition of folic acid synthesis, and alteration of membrane integrity |
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Definition
what are common mechanisms of action for antibiotics? |
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Term
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Definition
an infection that can be transmitted from an animal to human |
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Term
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Definition
an infectious disease that maintains a steady frequency within a specific population |
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Term
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Definition
NOT a component of the innate immune response? |
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Term
phagocytosis, complement fixation, and interferon production |
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Definition
what are the components of the innate immune response? |
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Term
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Definition
which is NOT a means of INDIRECT transmission of an infectious disease? blood transfusion, air, fomites, or mucous droplets? |
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Term
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Definition
which immune receptor is found only on antigen presenting cells? |
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Term
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Definition
which immune receptor can be released from the cell to facilitate pathogen destruction? |
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Term
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Definition
which is not a type of white blood cell? neutrophil, mast cell, platelet, lymphocyte? |
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Term
prevention of viral particles from entering host cells, prevention of transcription or translation of viral proteins, and prevention of viral particle maturation |
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Definition
what are major mechanisms of action of antiviral drugs? |
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Term
destruction of extracellular viral particles |
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Definition
what is NOT a major mechanism of action of antiviral drugs? |
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Term
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Definition
in which body tissue or fluid would you NOT expect to find normal flora? |
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Term
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Definition
the term that describes the statistic in epidemiology that represents the number of existing cases of a disease from a specified period of time in a given population? |
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Term
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Definition
the term describes the statistic in epidemiology that represents the number of deaths caused by a disease that occurred in a specified period of time in a given population |
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Term
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Definition
the term that describes the statistic in epidemiology that represents the number of new cases of a disease that occurred in a specified period of time in a given population |
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Term
survey the body, recognize the pathogen, and destroy it |
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Definition
what are the three major functions of the immune system? |
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Term
penicillin and sulfanamide |
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Definition
what two antibiotics are most likely to cause an allergic reaction? |
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Term
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Definition
what two major characteristics of the acquired immune response set it apart from the innate immune response? |
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Term
they are inserted into the body as a false antigen so that the body will build up an immunity (ex. attenuated virus). their main function if to make memory cells by falsely creating an immune response in the host.. they cause the 1st or 2nd immune response without making the host sick |
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Definition
how do vaccinations work? |
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Term
a naive one has never seen/been exposed to an antigen; a mature lymphocyte has been exposed to an antigen |
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Definition
how does a naive lymphocyte differ from a mature lymphocyte? |
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Term
neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages |
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Definition
what three cell types can be classified as phagocytes? |
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Term
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Definition
what is the process called that allows cells to express millions of distinct immune receptors even though they only contain a few thousand genes in the entire genome? |
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Term
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Definition
what two cell types can be classified as lymphocytes? |
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Term
mutation and acquisition of new genes |
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Definition
what two cellular events can drive the acquisition of drug resistance? |
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Term
in second exposure, they are produced much more rapidly and stronger. the first exposure is slow because it's never seen the antigen before and has to start from scratch in its response to it. |
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Definition
how does antibody production differ between the first and second exposure to an antigen? |
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Term
toxicity, allergy, and suppression of normal flora |
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Definition
what three adverse reactions may occur between a drug and a host? |
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Term
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Definition
how do you determine if a particular microorganism is responsible for an observed disease? |
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Term
the process of the formation of blood cells. it produces precursor cells which will then either mature in the bone marrow if they are B cells or in the thymus if they are T cells |
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Definition
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Term
inhibit cell wall synthesis leading to cell lysis |
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Definition
how do penicillin antibiotics kill cells? |
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Term
agglutination, opsonization, complement fixation, and neutralization |
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Definition
what are the four mechanisms through which secreted antibodies mediate immune response? |
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Term
it filters and kills the pathogens. it filters the blood. |
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Definition
what purpose does the spleen serve in immune function? |
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Term
B cells, macrophages, and dendrites |
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Definition
what three cell types can act as antigen presenting cells? |
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Term
kill microbes without harming host |
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Definition
what is the primary goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy? |
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Term
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Definition
what is the relationship between organisms called when the relationship is necessary and beneficial for both organisms? |
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Term
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Definition
the relationship between organisms when the relationship is not necessary but is beneficial for both organisms |
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Term
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Definition
what part of a conjugated enzyme may play a role in bringing the substrate closer to the active site of the enzyme and is usually a metal ion? |
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Term
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Definition
what is another term for the completed conjugated enzyme? |
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Term
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Definition
which type of enzyme is responsible for transferring electrons between substrates? |
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Term
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Definition
which type of enzyme is responsible for forming a covalent bond between substrates? |
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Term
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Definition
which term refers to killing most life forms on a living surface? |
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Term
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Definition
which term refers to killing most life forms on a nonliving surface? |
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Term
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Definition
which term refers to killing all life forms? |
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Term
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Definition
refers to the mechanical removal of most life forms |
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Term
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Definition
kills microbes by causing DNA strands to break |
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Term
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Definition
which of the following would most likely be used to prepare a scalpel for use during surgery? moist heat, ionizing radiation, hydrogen peroxide, or dry heat? |
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Term
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Definition
which of the following can be used to sterilize? detergents, phenols, aldehydes, or alcohols? |
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Term
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Definition
which of the following involves the transfer of DNA between compatible cells through a pilus? |
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Term
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Definition
which of the following involves the transfer of DNA between cells with the aid of a virus? transduction, transformation, transposition, or conjugation? |
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Term
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Definition
what two factors are most important for determining the amount of microbial death caused by a microbicidal agent? |
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Term
cytoplasm in prokaryotes and mitochondrial matrix in eukaryotes |
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Definition
where does the krebs cycle occur in cells? |
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Term
it binds to the P site, whereas all other ones after it bind to the A site. its' start codon is AUG. |
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Definition
what is unique about the first tRNA used in translation? |
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Term
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Definition
what types of proteins are typically encoded by an inducible operon? |
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Term
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Definition
what are the two major classes of mutations? |
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Term
it lowers the amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur so that it can happen more quickly |
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Definition
how does an enzyme speed up a reaction? |
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Term
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Definition
which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA during replication? |
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Term
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Definition
why does transcription not require a special enzyme for unwinding the DNA? |
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Term
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Definition
which solute state is ideal for cells? |
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Term
relies on organic nutrients |
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Definition
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Term
where one substrate binds to the active site, blocking the real substrate from binding |
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Definition
what is competitive inhibition? |
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Term
oxidative phosphorylation, photophosphorylation, and substrate-level |
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Definition
what are the three major processes through which ATP is transformed? |
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Term
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Definition
what is an example of an inorganic source of nitrogen? |
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Term
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Definition
what is an example of an organic source of nitrogen? |
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Term
facilitated, simple, active |
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Definition
what are the three types of diffusion? |
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Term
nitrogen--> nitric acid
fatty acid--> lipids
monosaccharide--> carbohydrate
amino acid--> protein |
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Definition
what kind of macromolecules do each of the macromolecular building blocks build? nitrogen base, fatty acid, monosaccharide, and amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
it is not affected in anyway by oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
it prefers to grow in oxygen rich environments but is able to grow without oxygen also |
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Term
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Definition
it will grow towards the top but not at the surface. it needs O2 but can't grow at atmospheric levels |
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Term
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Definition
cannot live and grow in the presence of oxygen |
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Term
nucleic acid, capsid, and envelope |
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Definition
what are the three major structures of an animal virus? |
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Term
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Definition
what are the two major shapes of viral capsids? |
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Term
cell membrane, chromosomes, and ribosomes |
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Definition
what three structures are present in ALL living cells? |
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Term
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Definition
what is present in the cell membrane of eukaryotes to add strength and stability to the structure? |
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Term
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Definition
what is the name of the stage present in some bacteriophage life cycles in which the viral DNA is inserted in the host DNA and the virus remains inactive for a period of time? |
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Term
fragmentation and spore-formation |
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Definition
what are the two common reproductive methods of molds? |
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Term
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Definition
what is present in a gram-negative cell that makes it less susceptible to killing by disinfectants? |
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Term
observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion |
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Definition
what are the four steps of the scientific method? |
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Term
pasteur's theory that states that microorganisms cause disease |
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Definition
what is the germ theory of disease? |
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Term
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Definition
what is the breakdown of dead matter and waste into simpler compounds that may then be used by other organisms? |
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Term
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Definition
which direction should a flagellum rotate to propel a bacterial cell forward? |
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Term
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Definition
what is the primary component of bacterial cell walls? |
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Term
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Definition
which step in viral replication occurs with animal viruses but NOT with bacteriophages? |
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Term
composition of the cell membrane |
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Definition
which of the following is NOT a difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? how DNA is packaged, composition of cell wall, composition of cell membrane, or presence of organelles? |
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Term
kingdom, phylum, class, order |
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Definition
what is the correct listing of taxa in order from most general to most specific? |
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Term
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Definition
which of the following genuses cannot form endospores? sporosacrina, clostridium, streptococcus, or bacillus? |
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Term
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Definition
what kind of cellular shape would you expect for members of the streptococcus genus? |
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Term
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Definition
what kind of cellular arrangement would you expect for members of staphylococcus genus? |
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Term
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Definition
what kind of cellular arrangement would you expect for members of the streptococcus genus? |
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Term
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Definition
which of the following molecules freely passes through a cell membrane? carbon dioxide, carbohydrate, sodium, or protein? |
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Term
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Definition
which of the following is NOT a kingdom in the Whittaker system of classification? fungi, animals, protists, or bacteria? |
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Term
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Definition
which of the following is NOT a kingdom in the Woese-Fox system of classification? fungi, animals, protists, or bacteria? |
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Term
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Definition
which of the following nitrogen bases is NOT a pyrimidine? thymine, adenosine, cytosine, or uracil? |
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Term
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Definition
who was the first to describe cells as living units? |
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Term
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Definition
who has the first to introduce aseptic techniques in the hospital setting to reduce infection? |
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Term
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Definition
who invented the first single lens microscope? |
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Term
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Definition
who performed an experiment that used long, curved-neck flasks to demonstrate that air was the source of contaminating microbes? |
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