Term
Antigen processing and presentation
Antigen processing and presentation
Definition
is a way for a cell to give information about its activities.
Term
Why would a body cell that is not a phagocyte need to present antigens?
Why would a body cell that is not a phagocyte need to present antigens?
Definition
Non-phagocytic body cells can become infected with a virus.
Term
How do phagocytes communicate to other cells what they have captured?
How do phagocytes communicate to other cells what they have captured?
Definition
They present antigens from engulfed foreign cells.
Term
Which structure do antigen presenting cells utilize to directly help them present bacterial antigens?
Which structure do antigen presenting cells utilize to directly help them present bacterial antigens?
Definition
Term
Which of the following are likely to be found on an MHC-I protein?
Which of the following are likely to be found on an MHC-I protein?
Definition
Damaged mitochondrial fragment
Term
What would a virally infected skin epithelial cell have on its cell surface?
What would a virally infected skin epithelial cell have on its cell surface?
Definition
Class I MHC with skin cell antigens
Term
Which of the following would you likely see on the surface of a human dendritic cell following phagocytosis of a bacterium?
Which of the following would you likely see on the surface of a human dendritic cell following phagocytosis of a bacterium?
Definition
Class I MHC with dendritic cell antigens and Class II MHC with engulfed bacteria
Term
Tom has a genetic disorder in which he does not synthesize class I MHC proteins or functional NK cells. Which of the following statements would be true for Tom?
Tom has a genetic disorder in which he does not synthesize class I MHC proteins or functional NK cells. Which of the following statements would be true for Tom?
Definition
Tom would not be able to destroy virally-infected cells.
Term
Which of the following statements concerning antigen-presenting cells is true?
Which of the following statements concerning antigen-presenting cells is true?
Definition
They are involved in activating T cells.
Term
Which part of the adaptive immune response involves B cells?
Which part of the adaptive immune response involves B cells?
Definition
Term
Antibodies are a part of which type of immunity?
Antibodies are a part of which type of immunity?
Definition
Term
Phagocytosis is a process for engulfing large particles (>1μm). Which feature of antibodies will help to make particles larger, therefore enhancing phagocytosis?
Phagocytosis is a process for engulfing large particles (>1μm). Which feature of antibodies will help to make particles larger, therefore enhancing phagocytosis?
Definition
Term
The flu virus mutates fairly frequently. Its adhesive proteins change such that we have different "strains" of influenza each year. When a particular flu virus mutates such that its adhesive proteins change, which function of antibodies is disrupted?
The flu virus mutates fairly frequently. Its adhesive proteins change such that we have different "strains" of influenza each year. When a particular flu virus mutates such that its adhesive proteins change, which function of antibodies is disrupted?
Definition
Term
__________________ stimulated with ___________ differentiate into __________, which secrete antibodies into the bloodstream.
__________________ stimulated with ___________ differentiate into __________, which secrete antibodies into the bloodstream.
Definition
B-cells, antigen, plasma cells
Term
What is the correct sequence of events for activation of a B cell by a T-dependent antigen?
What is the correct sequence of events for activation of a B cell by a T-dependent antigen?
Definition
(1) Immunoglobulin receptors on the B cell recognize and bind the antigen. (2) An antigen fragment in complex with MHC class 2 is displayed on the B cell's surface. (3) The MHC-antigen complex binds a receptor on a T H cell. (4) The T H cell secretes cytokines that activate the B cell.
Term
If a patient has been exposed to an antigen for the first time, which class of immunoglobulin appears first?
If a patient has been exposed to an antigen for the first time, which class of immunoglobulin appears first?
Definition
Term
Which type of cell directly attacks infected cells?
Which type of cell directly attacks infected cells?
Definition
Term
Immune cells that secrete cytokines and activate other immune cells are:
Immune cells that secrete cytokines and activate other immune cells are:
Definition
Term
HIV directly infects T-cells. Why is this problematic for cell-mediated immunity?
HIV directly infects T-cells. Why is this problematic for cell-mediated immunity?
Definition
Cytotoxic T-cells begin to attack the virally infected T-cells, reducing the number of T-cells in the body.
Term
How do helper T-cells and cytotoxic T-cells work together?
How do helper T-cells and cytotoxic T-cells work together?
Definition
Helper T-cells produce cytokines to activate other cells of the immune system.
Term
Which of the following statements concerning cellular immunity is FALSE?
Which of the following statements concerning cellular immunity is FALSE?
Definition
Cellular immunity involves cells that recognize antigens and make specific antibodies against them.
Term
Which type of T cell is involved in activating macrophages and stimulating development of cytotoxic T cells?
Which type of T cell is involved in activating macrophages and stimulating development of cytotoxic T cells?
Definition
Term
Definition
includes cilia, mucous membranes, and dendritic
Term
Definition
immunological response brought about by antibody production
Term
Definition
immunological response that kills infected host cells
Term
Definition
use BCRs to recognize epitope; first step in clonal selection
Term
Definition
phagocytes that engulf anything foreign; eventually display epitope to helper T cells using MHC I or II
Term
Definition
lymphocytes that activate B cells and CTLs
Term
Definition
differentiated B cells that are stored in lymph nodes to provide protection against future infection by the same pathogen
Term
Definition
produce and secrete antibodies
Term
Definition
Term
An individual may be exposed to a pathogen and become infected without actually getting sick. This is known as a subclinical infection . Even in subclinical infections, the individual's adaptive immune system can generate memory for the pathogen. What type of adaptive immunity is this?
An individual may be exposed to a pathogen and become infected without actually getting sick. This is known as a subclinical infection . Even in subclinical infections, the individual's adaptive immune system can generate memory for the pathogen. What type of adaptive immunity is this?
Definition
naturally acquired active immunity
Term
Which cytokines are believed to contribute to autoimmune disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis?
Which cytokines are believed to contribute to autoimmune disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis?
Definition
tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family of cytokines are the ones that help to protect against tumors but also play a role in some autoimmune diseases.
Term
Consider a helminthic infection in which an individual is colonized by a parasitic worm. The worm is too big to be engulfed by a phagocytic cell. How does the immune system respond?
Consider a helminthic infection in which an individual is colonized by a parasitic worm. The worm is too big to be engulfed by a phagocytic cell. How does the immune system respond?
Definition
The worm gets coated with antibodies, which activate other cells in the immune system to secrete chemicals that kill it.
Term
Which of the following statements concerning immunological memory is true?
Which of the following statements concerning immunological memory is true?
Definition
The memory response is due to production of long-lived cells that can respond very rapidly upon second exposure.
Term
What does a vaccine contain?
What does a vaccine contain?
Definition
Weakened or killed pathogen or parts of a pathogen
Term
When a person has previously been vaccinated against a viral pathogen, which cells are activated if that same pathogen re-enters the host's cells months or years later?
When a person has previously been vaccinated against a viral pathogen, which cells are activated if that same pathogen re-enters the host's cells months or years later?
Definition
Term
What is the primary benefit of vaccination?
What is the primary benefit of vaccination?
Definition
An immune response will occur quicker upon future exposure to the pathogen.
Term
Which type of vaccine could possibly cause a person to develop the disease?
Which type of vaccine could possibly cause a person to develop the disease?
Definition
Term
What is the hallmark of a conjugated vaccine?
What is the hallmark of a conjugated vaccine?
Definition
These vaccines contain weakly antigenic elements plus a more potent antigenic protein.
Term
The influenza vaccine is an example of a(n)
The influenza vaccine is an example of a(n)
Definition
inactivated killed vaccine.
Term
What is the function of boosters?
What is the function of boosters?
Definition
Boosters are injections that are given periodically to maintain immunity.
Term
The Hepatitis B vaccine is which type of vaccine?
The Hepatitis B vaccine is which type of vaccine?
Definition
Term
BCG is a vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis . The vaccine is composed of a live Mycobacterium bovis variant called bacillus of Calmette and Guérin. This is an example of which type of vaccine?
BCG is a vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis . The vaccine is composed of a live Mycobacterium bovis variant called bacillus of Calmette and Guérin. This is an example of which type of vaccine?
Definition
attenuated whole agent vaccine
Term
To vaccinate children against the bacterial infection diphtheria, pure diphtheria toxin is chemically modified and injected as a vaccine. This is an example of which type of vaccine?
To vaccinate children against the bacterial infection diphtheria, pure diphtheria toxin is chemically modified and injected as a vaccine. This is an example of which type of vaccine?
Definition
Term
Patients can receive one of two different types of influenza vaccine, both of which use whole viruses. The nasal spray uses live virus and is an example of a(n) ________ vaccine, while the injection uses killed virus and is an example of a(n)___________ vaccine.
Patients can receive one of two different types of influenza vaccine, both of which use whole viruses. The nasal spray uses live virus and is an example of a(n) ________ vaccine, while the injection uses killed virus and is an example of a(n)___________ vaccine.
Definition
attenuated whole agent, inactivated whole agent
Term
Which of the following best describes vaccination?
Which of the following best describes vaccination?
An individual is exposed to a killed pathogen, an inactivated pathogen, or a component of a pathogen. The individual is protected from subsequent exposures because the body produces macrophages that live a long time and can remember the pathogen.
An individual is exposed to a killed pathogen, an inactivated pathogen, or a component of a pathogen. The individual is protected from subsequent exposures to the pathogen because the body has an inflammatory response, which protects the individual from subsequent exposures.
An individual is exposed to a killed pathogen, an inactivated pathogen, or a component of a pathogen. The individual is protected from subsequent exposures to the pathogen because the innate immune system is stimulated.
An individual is exposed to a killed pathogen, an inactivated pathogen, or a component of a pathogen. The individual is protected from subsequent exposures to the pathogen because the adaptive immune system is stimulated to produce memory B cells and memory T cells, which protect from subsequent exposures.
Definition
An individual is exposed to a killed pathogen, an inactivated pathogen, or a component of a pathogen. The individual is protected from subsequent exposures to the pathogen because the adaptive immune system is stimulated to produce memory B cells and memory T cells, which protect from subsequent exposures.
Term
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using live attenuated vaccines?
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using live attenuated vaccines?
Definition
They are usually safer than other types of vaccines.
Term
Definition
a chemical additive that increases the effectiveness of vaccines
Term
I have a new test for determining whether a patient is infected with the influenza virus. It is very specific but not very sensitive. What does this mean?
I have a new test for determining whether a patient is infected with the influenza virus. It is very specific but not very sensitive. What does this mean?
Definition
False-positives will be rare, but false-negatives may happen frequently.
Term
You are conducting a viral hemagglutination inhibition test. Which of the following indicates that a patient's serum has antibodies against influenza virus?
You are conducting a viral hemagglutination inhibition test. Which of the following indicates that a patient's serum has antibodies against influenza virus?
Definition
Hemagglutination occurs in a mixture of influenza virus and erythrocytes but does not occur when the patient's serum is added.
Term
Which of the following is NOT a reason why monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) are useful?
Definition
They are always highly sensitive.
Term
__________ reactions are used to detect antibodies for relatively large pathogens, such as bacteria. For these tests, the antigen is mixed with the test sample at various dilutions. Reaction mixes are then monitored for the formation of visible aggregates.
__________ reactions are used to detect antibodies for relatively large pathogens, such as bacteria. For these tests, the antigen is mixed with the test sample at various dilutions. Reaction mixes are then monitored for the formation of visible aggregates.
Definition
Term
Direct fluorescent-antibody techniques are frequently used to __________.
Direct fluorescent-antibody techniques are frequently used to __________.
Definition
detect microorganisms in a clinical sample
Term
What is the purpose of conjugated vaccines?
What is the purpose of conjugated vaccines?
Definition
to enhance the immune response of children to polysaccharide antigens
Term
Western blotting is best used for which of the following?
Western blotting is best used for which of the following?
Definition
to detect a specific protein in a mixture
Term
Which of the following does histamine NOT directly cause?
Which of the following does histamine NOT directly cause?
Definition
Term
Which of the following would NOT be an example of a common allergen?
Which of the following would NOT be an example of a common allergen?
Definition
Term
A patient enters the emergency room with itchy, swollen hives. This is an example of a ___________ allergic response called __________.
A patient enters the emergency room with itchy, swollen hives. This is an example of a ___________ allergic response called __________.
Definition
Term
Which of the following is FALSE concerning type II (cytotoxic) hypersensitivity reactions?
Which of the following is FALSE concerning type II (cytotoxic) hypersensitivity reactions?
Definition
IgE binds to mast cells or basophils.
Term
Assuming Rh compatibility is present, which of the following individuals would be able to receive donor blood from any of the four blood types (A, B, AB, and O)?
Assuming Rh compatibility is present, which of the following individuals would be able to receive donor blood from any of the four blood types (A, B, AB, and O)?
Definition
Term
Which type of hypersensitivity is allergic contact dermatitis?
Which type of hypersensitivity is allergic contact dermatitis?
Definition
Term
Which of the following is a characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis?
Which of the following is a characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis?
Definition
Immune complexes of IgM, IgG, and complement are involved.
Term
Which of the following is true concerning systemic anaphylaxis?
Which of the following is true concerning systemic anaphylaxis?
Definition
Injected antigens combine with IgE antibodies on the surface of certain cells, causing them to release histamines and other inflammatory mediators.
Term
Which of the following best describes graft-versus-host disease?
Which of the following best describes graft-versus-host disease?
Definition
Immune cells in transplanted bone marrow attack the cells of the host.
Term
Which statement regarding cancer immunotherapy is FALSE?
Which statement regarding cancer immunotherapy is FALSE?
Definition
An immunotoxin is an antigen combined with a toxic agent.
Term
Which of the following correctly lists the current distribution of HIV infection and AIDS in order of DECREASING prevalence?
Which of the following correctly lists the current distribution of HIV infection and AIDS in order of DECREASING prevalence?
Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, Australia / New Zealand
sub-Saharan Africa, Australia / New Zealand, Western Europe, Latin America
sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, Western Europe, Australia / New Zealand
sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, Latin America, Australia / New Zealand
Definition
sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, Western Europe, Australia / New Zealand
Term
Which statement regarding the infectiveness and pathogenicity of HIV is FALSE?
Which statement regarding the infectiveness and pathogenicity of HIV is FALSE?
Definition
During latent infections, the provirus directs the synthesis of many new viruses.
Term
Which of the following is a xenograft?
Which of the following is a xenograft?
Definition
the replacement of a human's heart valve with a pig's heart valve
Term
What is meant by selective toxicity?
What is meant by selective toxicity?
Definition
Chemotherapeutic agents should act against the pathogen and not the host.
Term
Why are chemotherapeutic agents that work on the peptidoglycan cell wall of bacteria a good choice of drug?
Why are chemotherapeutic agents that work on the peptidoglycan cell wall of bacteria a good choice of drug?
Definition
Humans and other animal hosts lack peptidoglycan cell walls.
Term
Why is polymyxin only used on the skin?
Why is polymyxin only used on the skin?
Definition
It can also damage living human cell membranes, but the drug is safely used on the skin, where the outer layers of cells are dead.
Term
Quinolones and fluoroquinolones act against what bacterial target?
Quinolones and fluoroquinolones act against what bacterial target?
Definition
Term
Why is it difficult to find good chemotherapeutic agents against viruses?
Why is it difficult to find good chemotherapeutic agents against viruses?
Definition
Viruses depend on the host cell's machinery, so it is hard to find a viral target that would leave the host cell unaffected.
Term
If penicillin G is chosen as the best treatment for a given infection, what microorganisms are most likely the cause?
If penicillin G is chosen as the best treatment for a given infection, what microorganisms are most likely the cause?
Definition
Term
How do antifungal drugs such as miconazole and amphotericin B function?
How do antifungal drugs such as miconazole and amphotericin B function?
Definition
by disrupting the plasma membrane
Term
Which of the following is an antiprotozoan drug that interferes with anaerobic metabolism?
Which of the following is an antiprotozoan drug that interferes with anaerobic metabolism?
Definition
Term
Why is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) methicillin resistant?
Why is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) methicillin resistant?
Definition
It produces a modified version of the molecule that is targeted by the drug.
Term
Sulfanilamides interfere with __________.
Sulfanilamides interfere with __________.
Definition
folic acid synthesis in bacteria
Term
Certain cancer cells have ABC transport molecules at the cell surface. These transporters use energy from ATP to move chemotherapeutic agents out of the cell. Which of the following do you think these transporters are most closely related to?
Certain cancer cells have ABC transport molecules at the cell surface. These transporters use energy from ATP to move chemotherapeutic agents out of the cell. Which of the following do you think these transporters are most closely related to?
Definition
Term
A researcher creates an antibiotic that binds to a protein present only on B. anthracis (the causative agent of anthrax), lysing the cell from the outside. After a couple of years using this antibiotic, some resistant organisms are found. Which of the following best outlines the mechanism for development of this resistance?
A researcher creates an antibiotic that binds to a protein present only on B. anthracis (the causative agent of anthrax), lysing the cell from the outside. After a couple of years using this antibiotic, some resistant organisms are found. Which of the following best outlines the mechanism for development of this resistance?
Definition
mutation in B. anthracis → altered target → resistant bacterium
Term
A new bacterial molecule is discovered. This molecule binds to an antibiotic and facilitates the binding of a phosphate group, thus inactivating the antibiotic. Which category best describes the mechanism of antibiotic resistance conferred by this molecule?
A new bacterial molecule is discovered. This molecule binds to an antibiotic and facilitates the binding of a phosphate group, thus inactivating the antibiotic. Which category best describes the mechanism of antibiotic resistance conferred by this molecule?
Definition
Term
Which antibiotic is overcome by beta-lactamases?
Which antibiotic is overcome by beta-lactamases?
Definition
Term
How might efflux pumps increase antibiotic resistance in bacteria?
How might efflux pumps increase antibiotic resistance in bacteria?
Definition
Resistant bacteria can have more efflux pumps, and can have less specific efflux pumps.
Term
Bacteria that are resistant to sulfonamide have enzymes that have a greater affinity for what?
Bacteria that are resistant to sulfonamide have enzymes that have a greater affinity for what?
Definition
Term
Why would an efflux pump for penicillin located on a bacterial cell membrane not be effective at providing resistance to the drug?
Why would an efflux pump for penicillin located on a bacterial cell membrane not be effective at providing resistance to the drug?
Definition
Penicillin disrupts the cell wall, which is located outside of the cell membrane.
Term
Membrane transport proteins are required for which mode(s) of antibiotic resistance?
Membrane transport proteins are required for which mode(s) of antibiotic resistance?
Definition
Efflux pumps, beta-lactamases, and modification of porins all utilize membrane transport proteins.
Term
What is meant when a bacterium is said to become "resistant" to an antibiotic?
What is meant when a bacterium is said to become "resistant" to an antibiotic?
Definition
The bacterium is neither killed nor inhibited by the antibiotic.
Term
When a patient is treated with antibiotics, __________.
When a patient is treated with antibiotics, __________.
Definition
the drug will kill or inhibit the growth of all of the sensitive bacterial cells
Term
The process of acquiring antibiotic resistance by means of bacteriophage activity is called
The process of acquiring antibiotic resistance by means of bacteriophage activity is called
Definition
Term
Which of the following mutations would not result in antibiotic resistance?
Which of the following mutations would not result in antibiotic resistance?
Definition
Term
R-plasmids are most likely acquired via
Check all that apply.
Definition
Term
Consider a Kirby-Bauer disk-diffusion assay. If you put penicillin and streptomycin disks adjacent to one another, the zone of inhibition is greater than that obtained by either disk alone. This is an example of __________.
Consider a Kirby-Bauer disk-diffusion assay. If you put penicillin and streptomycin disks adjacent to one another, the zone of inhibition is greater than that obtained by either disk alone. This is an example of __________.
Definition
Term
What type of cell wall has teichoic acid?
Definition
Term
What type of cell wall has a thick layer of peptidoglycan on the outside?
Definition
gram-positive (gram-negative have thinner layer that is b/w the outer and inner membranes)
Term
What type of cell wall has lipopolysaccharides, which are responsible for symptoms related to infection?
Definition
