Term
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Definition
| The study of the immune system and immune responses |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The immune system is considered to be a ________ host defense mechanism and the _________ line of defense. |
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Definition
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Term
| The 2 primary functions of the immune system are to: |
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Definition
1. Differentiate b/t "self" and "non-self" [hint: somthing foreign]
2. Destroy that which is non-self |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance, usually foregin, that stimulates the production of antibodies; an antibody generating substance. [antigens are molecules that stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies.] |
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Term
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Definition
| A glycoprotein produced by lymphocytes in response to an antigen; if it protects the host in some manner, it is referred to as a protective antibody. |
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Term
| There are two major "arms" of the immune system are: |
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Definition
| Hummoral Immunity [also known as "antibody-mediated immunity"(AMI)] and and CMI ["cell-mediated immunity"] |
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Term
| Explain:Hummoral Immunity |
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Definition
| Humoral immunity always involves the production of antibodies in response to antigens. After their production, the humoral [circulating] antbodies remain the in blood plasma, lymph, and other body secretions where they protect against the specific pathogens that stimulated their production. [hint: in humoral immunity, a person is immune to a particular pathogen b/c of the presence of specific protective antibodies that are effective against that pathogen.] |
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Term
| Explain: CMI "cell-mediated immunity" |
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Definition
| Involves various cell types, with antibodies only playing a MINOR ROLL, IF ANY. |
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Term
| Define: Acquired Immunity |
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Definition
Immunities that humans acquire as life progresses, from conception onward
[immunity that results from the active production or receipt of protective antibodies during one's lifetime] |
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Term
| Compare: Active Acquired Immunity vs. Passive Acquired Immunity |
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Definition
-Active Acquired Immunity: If the antibodies are actually produced within the person's body; such protection is usally long lasting
-Passive Acquired Immunity: the person receives antibodies that were produced by another person or by more than one person, or in some cases by an animal; such protection is usually only temporary. |
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| Name the two types of Active Acquired Immunity |
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Definition
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Term
| Explaim - Natural and Artificial Active Acquired Immunity |
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Definition
-Natural: [or naturally occuring] active acquired immunity, which, as the name implies, occurs naturally.
-Artifical: [or artificially occuring] active acquired immunity, which does not occur naturally; rather, it is artificially induced. |
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Term
| Define: Protective antibodies |
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Definition
| Antibodies that protect us from infection or reinfection |
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Term
| Active Aquired Immunity verse Passive Aquired Immunity |
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Definition
-Active acquired immunity:
Natural (infection)
Artificial (vaccine)
-Passive acquired immunity:
Natural (ex: fetus receiving maternal antibodies in utero; ex: an infant receiving maternal antibodies in colostrum]
Artificial (shot of :sera, gamma globulin) |
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Term
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Definition
-Contains enough antigens
-Covers all strains
-Few or no side effects
-Does not cause disease |
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Term
Humoral immunity: Antibodies
-What is it made of and where does it come from? |
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Definition
| Glycoproteins produced by plasma cells |
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Term
| All anitbodies are in a category of proteins called IMMUNOGLOBULINS- define. |
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Definition
| globular glycoproteins in the blood that participate in immune reactions. |
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Term
| In addition to being found in blood, immunoglobulins are also found in: |
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Definition
| lymph, tears, saliva, and colostrum. |
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Term
| Antibodies found in the blood are called ______ where antibodies that provide protection against infectios diease are called ________ |
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Definition
| humoral [circulating antibodies]; protective. |
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Term
| 5 classes [or isotypes] of Immunoglobulins (Ig) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Antigenic: substance capable of stimulating the production of antibodies
-Immunogenic: the ability to induce a humoral and/or cell-mediated immune response
[hint: an immunogen is able to induce an immune response, whereas an antigen is able to combine with the products of an immune response once they are made.] |
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Term
| Define: Antigenic determinants [or epitopes] |
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Definition
| Individual molecules that stimulate the production of antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| A small, nonantigentic molecule that becomes antigenic when combined with a larger molecule -e.x. a carrier protein. An ex is penicillin. |
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Term
| Humoral Immunity: Location of immune responses |
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Definition
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Term
| Humoral Immunity: Antigen-Antibody Complexes [Ag – Ab complexes]: explain |
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Definition
The combination of an antibody and an antigen is called an antigen-antibody complex, Ag-Ab complex, or immune complex.
-Capable of activating the compplement cascasde |
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Term
| Humoral Immunity: Antigen-Antibody Complexes [Ag – Ab complexes]: What does activating the complement cascade result in? |
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Definition
| The activation of leukocytes, lysis of bacterial cells, and increased phagocytosis as a result of opsonization. |
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Term
| Define: Momclonal Antibodies |
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Definition
| Antibodies produced by a clone of genetically identical hybrid cells [commonly used in IDP-immunologic procedures used in laboratories to diagnose diease.] |
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Term
| What does Cell-Mediated Immunity do? what do they involve? |
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Definition
-Control infections of intracellular parasites
-Interactions between many types of cells and cytokines |
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Term
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Definition
| soluble chemical messages released by cells of the body |
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Term
| Define: plasma cells. where do they come from? |
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Definition
| The cells the secrete antibodies are called plasma cells; they are derived from B cells. |
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Term
| Name the cells that are involved with CMI |
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Definition
Macrophage
T helper cells
Effector cells (TCytotoxic, NK, K cells) |
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Term
| Cell-Mediated Immunity Hypersensitivity - define |
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Definition
| Overly sensitive immune system |
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Term
| Hypersensitivity reactions: 2 types - explain |
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Definition
-Immediate hypersensitivity reaction
Within minutes to 24 hours
-Delayed hypersensitivity reaction
> 24 hours
Cell-mediated |
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Term
| How many types of Hypersensitivity are there? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Produce IgE antibodies when they are exposed to allergens [antigens that cause allergic reactions]
Localized anaphylaxis
Systemic anaphylaxis
Anaphylactic shock |
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Term
Type II Hypersensitivity
Process: |
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Definition
Cytotoxic reactions (cell damage), body cells are damaged
-Ag binds to cell surface
-Ab binds to the bound Ag
-Ab binding initiates complement activation
-Complement cascade lyses cell |
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Term
| Type II hypersensitivity: what does this lead too? |
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Definition
Incompatible blood transfusions
Rh factor incompatibility |
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Term
Type III Hypersensitivity
Causes
Disease? |
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Definition
Immune complex reactions [the result of binding of an antibody with the antigen that stimulated its production] -
Causes:
Tissue damage
Serum sickness
-Disease:
Autoimmune diseases
Systemic lupus erythematosis
Rheumatoid arthritis |
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Term
| Define: Infectious Disease |
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Definition
| Infectious diseases are diseases that are caused by pathogens, following colonization of some body side by the pathogen. [caused by microbes] |
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Term
-Chickenpox & Shingles
Types of disease:
How it is transmitted:
Body System:
What pathogen causes it: |
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Definition
-Viral Diease
-Infected humans
Person-to-person
Direct contact, airborne droplets of secretions
-Fever and skin rash
- Varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
Human herpesvirus 3 |
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Term
| What are complications and syndromes relating to smallpox? |
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Definition
Comp: pneumonia, secondary bacterial infections
Synd:Reye’s syndrome
persistent vomiting
lethargy or sleepiness
in infants, diarrhea and rapid breathing |
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Term
Rubella [German Measles]
Types of disease:
How it is transmitted:
Body System:
What pathogen causes it: |
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Definition
-Viral
-Infected humans
Droplet spread
Direct contact with nasopharyngeal secretions
-fine, pink, flat rash
-Rubella virus |
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Term
Rubeola [HARD Measles]
Types of disease:
How it is transmitted:
Body System:
What pathogen causes it: |
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Definition
-Viral
-Infected humans
Droplet spread
Direct contact with nasopharyngeal secretions
Fomites contaminated with nasopharyngeal secretions
-Blotchy red rash
-Rubeola (measles) virus |
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Term
| Complications with Rubeola |
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Definition
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Term
Smallpox
Types of disease:
How it is transmitted:
Body System:
What pathogen causes it: |
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Definition
-Viral
-Reservoirs & mode of transmission
Infected humans
Droplet spread
Direct contact with nasopharyngeal secretions
Fomites contaminated with lesion secretions
-Variola virus |
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Term
Warts
Types of disease:
How it is transmitted:
Body System:
What pathogen causes it: |
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Definition
-Viral
-Infected humans
Direct contact
Usually not very contagious (except genital warts)
-Human papillomaviruses |
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Term
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Definition
If a person's immune system is not functioning properly
-note: Immunodeficiencies may either be inherited or acquired. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs mainly in children, puss filled blisters may appear anywhere on the body - may occur as epidemics in hospital nurseries. |
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Term
| Boils [furuncles] involve Staph aureus - may lead to |
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Definition
| pneumonia, lung abscess, meningitis |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs mainly in children, puss filled blisters may appear anywhere on the body - may occur as epidemics in hospital nurseries. |
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Term
| Boils [furuncles] involve Staph aureus - may lead to |
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Definition
| pneumonia, lung abscess, meningitis |
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Term
| Impetigo may be cause by what two bacteria? |
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Definition
| Staph aureus and staph pyogenes |
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Term
Acne
Type of Infection:
Signs:
Caused by? |
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Definition
-bacterial
Skin pores become clogged
Etiology : Proprionibacterium acnes |
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Term
Streptococcus pyogenes
List the types of skin infections |
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Definition
Impetigo
Scarlet fever
Erysipelas [cellulitis]
Faciitis
Necrotizing faciitis |
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Term
Dermatophyte Diagnosis:
lab diagnosis |
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Definition
-fungal infection of the skin
Potassium hydroxide (KOH) prep
Calcofluor White |
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Term
Infections of the Lower Respiratory Tract:
Pneumonia |
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Definition
Diagnosis: chest sounds, radiographs, culture
Most common fatal nosocomial infection |
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Term
| What is the Most common fatal nosocomial infection |
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Definition
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Term
Viral Infections of the Lower Respiratory Tract:
Acute, Febrile Viral Respiratory Disease
-Cause:
-Transmission: |
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Definition
Etiology: Many. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) major etiology in early infancy.
Transmission
Human-to-human
Fomites |
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Term
Viral Infections of the Lower Respiratory Tract:
Influenza
Cause:
What can it cause? |
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Definition
Influenza A, B
-bronchitis, pneumonia and death |
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