Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Micro Exam 2 11/28/14
N/A
321
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
11/28/2014

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Taxonomy
Definition
Listing function to provide useful ways for identifying and comparing organisms.
Term
Three types of taxonomy
Definition
Biologic
Numeric
DNA
Term
Nomencalture
Definition
How you name something
Term
"Ales"
Definition
Universal suffix for order
Term
"Acae"
Definition
Universal suffix for family
Term
Phenetic taxonomy
Definition
Groups organisms based on mutual similarity of phenotypic characteristics. Ex. Motile or non -motile.
Term
Phylogenetic (Genotypic) taxonomy
Definition
Groups organisms based on shared evolutionary heritage. Also referred to as phyletic taxonomy.
Term
Linnaean Hiearchy
Definition
Arranges from smaller to larger levels of organization
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Term
Numerical taxonomy
Definition
Similarity matrix, groups organisms together by the greatest number of characteristics in common
Term
Dendogram
Definition
Tree-like diagram used to display taxonomy
Term
Phenon
Definition
Group of organisms with great similarity
Term
DNA Taxonomy
Definition
Groups organisms together by actual DNA sequences in common.
Term
DNA Taxonomy uses what two measurements?
Definition
Genome size (1 x 10^9 and 4 x 10^9 daltons/cell)
G + C ratio (guanine and cytosine)
Term
Formula for G + C ratio
Definition
G + C
------ = %
A + T + G + C
Term
Molecular Species
Definition
2 organisms are said to be in the same molecular species if they ehibit 70% or greater relatedness and the related sequences contain 5% or fewer unpaired base pairs.
Term
Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST)
Definition
The sequencing and comparison of 5 to 7 housekeeping genes is done to prevent misleading results from analysis of one gene introduced by lateral gene transfer
Term
DNA fingerprinting
Definition
Repetitive sequences amplified by the polymerase chain reaction.
Term
Amino acid sequence
Definition
Amino acid sequence of a protein is a reflection of the mRNA sequence and therefore, of the gene which encodes that protein.
Term
5-kingdom system
Definition
No longer accepted did not distingquis the diversity between the kingdoms
Term
6 kingdom system
Definition
Divides the prokaryote into eubacteria
Term
8 Kingdom system
Definition
2 empires, 8 kingdoms
Term
"Splitters"
Definition
Every species that is not 100% identical is a different species
Term
"Lumpers"
Definition
If an organism is very closely related it can be called the same species
Term
2D Spread
Definition
Length of the line reflects how closely organisms are related
Term
3D Spread
Definition
Computer-based, color enhances version of 2D spread
Term
Carl Linne
Definition
Created first system of classifications of plants and created the binomial system
Term
Binomial system
Definition
Genus, Species
Term
Colloquial name
Definition
Common or informal name of an orgnism. Ex. E. Coli
Term
What are some of the common conventions of naming microorganisms?
Definition
After discoverer
Habitat
Morphology
Physiologic Characteristc
Pathogenicity
Cultural characteristic
Term
What are the techniques that are use for identification of an unknown organism?
Definition
Isolation
Gas environment
Microscopic and Macroscopic morphology
Biochemical characteristics
Serologic characteristics
Pathophyssologic characteristics
Phage testing
DNA probes/ homology
PCR
Term
What are some methods of bacterial isolation?
Definition
Streak plate and pour plate
Term
What are some examples of the gaseous environment characteristics of bacteria?
Definition
Aerobe
Anaerobe
Microaerophile
Facultative Anaerobe
Term
Proteolysis
Definition
The ability of a bacteria to attack (lyse) proteins
Term
Nitrate reduction
Definition
Can a bacteria use nitrate as the hydrogen acceptor
Term
What are serologic characteristics of bacteria?
Definition
Ability to act as antigens to the human immune system. Can use antibody production to test for them.
Term
What are pathophysologic characteristics?
Definition
How bacteria affects other orgnansisms physiologically. Use animal inoculation to test for pathophysologic properties.
Term
What is phage testing?
Definition
Testing for bacteria that act as parasites to other bacteria. Or testing for viruses
Term
Of what use are DNA probes/ DNA homology?
Definition
Tell organisms apart by their DNA
Term
Archaebacteria
Definition
Bacteria identified in 1977 by Carl Woese and George E. Fox.
Term
Carl Woese renamed archaebacteria and eubcacteria to what?
Definition
Archaea and Bacteria. Claimed that these two and Eukarya composed the three domains of living organisms.
Term
Archaebacteria are known for growth in what type of conditions?
Definition
Anaerobic hypersaline and high temperature habitats
Term
Archae lack
Definition
Muramic acid and D-amino acids. Can stain gram + or gram -.
Term
Archae have what peptidoglycan-like polymers?
Definition
Pseudomurein which is found in some methanogenic species
Term
How do archaebacteria's membrane lipids differ from bacteria dn eucarya?
Definition
They have branched chain hydrocarbons attached to glycerol by ether linkages. (Bacteria and eucaryotes have fatty acids attached to glycerol by ester linkages)
Term
Archae are what type of organisms?
Definition
Single celled organisms that lack a nuclei, so are prokaryotes classified as Monera in 6 kingdom system.
Term
About what percent of genes are shared exclusively between archeons and eucaryotes that code for proteins involved in transcription, translation or DNA metabolism.
Definition
Term
Most archeobacteria are
Definition
Extremely thermophilic, acidophiles, sulfur-dependent (sulfure used in some as an electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration. For some it is used as an electron)
Term
Desulfurococcales
Definition
Genus of bacteria that are Thermophilic, Anaerobic, hypethermic (deep-sea thermal vents). Optimal temp for growth is 85 C. They have a latticce-like protein structure celll covering
Term
Thermoproteus
Definition
Genus of anaerobes that grow by autotrophic sulfur reduction.
Term
Halobacteria
Definition
Class of archae that are found in environments with salt, moisture and organic material. (Halobacteria prefer (8-36% salt) (Ocean is 3.1-3.8% salt)
Term
Why do large blooms of halobacteria appear reddish?
Definition
Due to their pigment bacteriorhodopsin which absorbs light, which provides energy to create ATP.
Term
What is a second pigment that pumps in chloride ions in response to photons creating a voltage gradient and assisting in the production of energy from light called?
Definition
Halorhodospin
Term
Halobacteria are incapable of what?
Definition
Fixing Carbon from Carbon dioxide
Term
Most halophilic and halotolerant bacteria expend energy to due what?
Definition
Prevent salt from getting into their cytoplasm to avoid "salting out" (protein aggregation)
Term
Suffix philic means
Definition
Organism needs it to survive
Term
Suffix tolerant means
Definition
Organism can survive it is around
Term
Halobacterium salinarium
Definition
Unique type of photosynthesis that's not chlorophyll based.
Term
Methanoccocus
Definition
Genus thats mesophilic and closely related on the hgenus level by DNA association levels. Used to incluse methanocaldococcus jannaschii but it's a thermophile so the genus was reorganized.
Term
All archaea have lipids with links between the head group and side chains that make the lipids more
Definition
Resistant to heat and acidity than typical bacterial eukaryotic ester-linked lipids.
Term
Different archaea have different derivates of
Definition
Archaeol
Term
Methcl. jannaschii contains almost exclusively
Definition
Polar archael derivates including macrocyclic archaeol and archaeal core lipid.
Term
Mehtcl. jannaschii
Definition
Contain almost exclusively polor archael derivates, was formally in the genus methanococcus and can grow in atmospheric pressure up to 200 atm and temps between 48-94 C. Optimum temp is 85 C
Term
Nanoarchaeum
Definition
Genus that was discovered as being tiny dots on another organism. Only 400nm in diameter. Require cell-cell contact with active Ignicoccus bacteria in order to grow.
Term
Ignicoccus
Definition
Genus of bacteria that are autotrophic sulfur-reducing thermophiles. Serve as the host cell for Nanoarcheum.
Term
Most proteobacteria are
Definition
Gram - and motile (some non-motile or glide)
Term
Proteobacteria is a phylum of bacteria that includes
Definition
Eschericia, Salmonella, Vibrio and Heliobacter
Term
Proteobacteria are defined by
Definition
Ribosomal RNA sequences
Term
Myxobacteria
Definition
Unique group of bacteria that can aggregate to form fruiting bodies
Term
Hyphomicrobiacea
Definition
Have at least 1 of 3 distinguishing features: prostheca
Stalk
Reproduction by budding
Term
Prostheca
Definition
Extension of cell, including plasma membrane (alive)
Term
Stalk
Definition
Nonliving appendage produced by cell and extending from it
Term
Reproduction by budding
Definition
Progeny cell is a bud that first appears as a small protrusion on a parent cell and enlarges to form a mature cell
Term
Hyphomicrobiacea
Definition
Genus of bacteria that have prosthecate and produce by budding. They are aerobic autotrophs that grow on ethanol, acetate and one carbon molecules. Facultative methylotroph. Frequently attach to solid objects in aquatic and terretrial environments. Constitute up to 25% of total bacterial population in oligotrophic (nutrient poor) freshwater habitats
Term
Alpha proteobacteria
Definition
An order of bacteria
Term
Caulobacterales
Definition
Gram -, bacillus, motile, have stalk, lack intracellular organs. Found in aquatic environments attached to particulate matter (use stalk to hold on). Asymmetrically divides producing two structurally and functionally different daughter cells. 2-3 um
Term
Rhizobium
Definition
Genus of bacteria that are motile, gram -, alpha proteobacteria, nitrogen fixators, live on plant roots
Term
Rhizosphere
Definition
Home of rhizobium. Gaseous environment found at the end of the smallest plant root hairs
Term
Agrobacterium
Definition
Genus of bacteria that do not stimulate nodule formation or fix nitrogen. Grows in the middle of the plant root hair and forms aggregates.
Term
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Definition
Causative organism of crown gall disease in dicotyledonous plants
Term
Nitrifying bactera of the class alphaproteobacteria
Definition
Bradyrhizobiaceae
Term
Nitrifying bactera of the class betaproteobacterua
Definition
Nitrosomonadaceae
Term
Nitrification
Definition
The process of converting ammonia to first nitrite and then nitrate.
Term
Nitrosomonas
Definition
Ammonium to nitrite
Term
Nitrobacter
Definition
Nitrite to nitrate
Term
Purple nonsulfur bacterua
Definition
Found in mud and water of lakes and ponds with abundant organic matter and low sulfide levels. Include Rhodospirillum and azospirillum.
Term
Cellulat cysts
Definition
Resting cells resistant to desixxation but less tolerant of heat and UV than endospores. Made in respponse to nutrient limitation. Have thick outer coat and store polyhydroxybutyrate
Term
Acetobacter
Definition
Genus of bacteria characterized by the ability to convert ethanol to acetic acid in the presence of O2. Used commercially to convert ethanol in wine to acetic acid producing vinegar)
Term
Rhodospirillales
Definition
An order of proteobacter with 2 families: acetobacteraceae (heterotrophic produce acetic acid during respiration) and rhodospirillaceae (purple non sulfur bacteria use photosynthesis)
Term
Wolbachia
Definition
Species of gram - bacteria that obtain nutrients through symbiotic relationship. Host makes amino acids and vitamins for Wolbachia and the host makes metabolic coenzymes that the host doesn't have.
Term
Rickettsia
Definition
Genus of bacteria that uses binary fission. Contains DNA and RNA. Cell wall has peptidoglycan. Difficult to grow (needs to be grown inside living cell). Easy to kill with disinfectants. Discovered by Howard Taylor Ricketts who was looking for the cause of RMSF
Term
What are some common features of Rickettsia and Coxiella?
Definition
Bacillus shaped coccoid or pleomorhphic. Gram - cell walls. No flagella. Very small.
Term
Pathogenesis of a Rickettsia
Definition
Enters host by phagocytosis-> escapes phagosome -> reproduces in cytoplasm -> host cell burst
Term
Pathogenesis of a Coxiella
Definition
Enters host by phagocytosis. -> Remains in phagosome -> Reproduces in phagolysosome -> Host cell bursts
Term
Mitochondria are phylogenically related to what species of bacteria?
Definition
Ricketssia prowazekii
Term
Mitochondria were believed to colonize primordial eukaryotic cells without the ability to do what?
Definition
Use oxygen
Term
Theory on why mitochondria organism became an intracellular organelle
Definition
Increase in ambient oxygen tension in Earth's atmosphere approximately 2 billion years ago.
Term
Coxiella Burnetti
Definition
Gram-, cause Querry Fever, easily killed by heat but not as easily killed as Rickettsia. Stable outside the host cell. Pleomorhphic.
Term
Host
Definition
Organism where largest numbers occur
Term
Reservoir
Definition
Species that maintains the organism during periods of low infectivity
Term
Vecter
Definition
Species that moves the pathogen around
Term
Ricketssia rickettsii
Definition
Causes RMSF
Wild rabbits, dogs, sheep, rodents
Term
Rickettsia conori
Definition
Causes Boutonneuse Fever
Ticks, Dogs, rodents
Mediterranean
Term
Rickettsia Tsutsugamushi
Definition
Causes scrub typhus. (Tsutsugamushi fever)
Thrombiculed mites, rodents
Asia, Pacific islangs, Australia
Term
Ricketssia siberia
Definition
Siberian Tick Typhus
Term
Coxiella burnetti causes
Definition
Q Fever (Nine mile fever)
Term
Typical rickettsial disease occurs when
Definition
Insect blood meal (Local first then systemic)
Blockage of venules -> thrombus
Incubation period is 1-4 weeks
Prodrome: headache, chills, fever
Syndrome: Hemorrhagic rash, shock, toxins
Term
Ehrlichiaceae
Definition
Genus of bacteria that causes the tick-borne disease Ehrlichiosis. Acts as a vetinary pathoge. Also causes Sennetsu fever or Ehrlichia sennetsu which is characterized by swollen lymph nodes.
Term
Ehrlichiaceae (Description of actual bacteria)
Definition
Are small gram - that invade WBC's. Appear as 1-3 um coci and divide to form vacuole bound colonies known as moralae
Term
Endosymbient
Definition
Reside in bodies of other organisms
Term
Burkholderiales
Definition
Consists of 4 families with 3 well known genera
Term
Burkholderia
Definition
Gram -, non-spore forming, straight bacilli. Most are motile with single flagellum or tuft of polar flagella. Aerobic and mesophilic. Nonfermentative chemoorganotrophs.
Term
Burkholderia cepacia
Definition
Degrades more than 100 organic molecule. Recycles organic material. Plant pathogen. Particular problem for cystic fibrosis patients
Term
Burkholderia and Ralstonia are both
Definition
Nitrogen fixators that form symbiotic associations with legumes. Related to rhizobia
Term
Family Alcaliginaceae includes what important genera?
Definition
Bordetella (gram - coccobacilli. capsulated aerobic chemoorganotrophs. require sulfur and amino acids. mammalian parasites that multiply in respiratory epithelial cells.
Term
Sphaeroticus and Lepothrix
Definition
Can be found in aquatic environments that contain sufficient amounts of organic matter.Live in waste water treatment plants. Have a sheath. (hollow tubelike structure surrounding a chain of cells) helps in attachment to surfaces, obtaining nutrients from slowly running water and protection against predators
Term
Thibacillus
Definition
Found in soil and quatic habitats. Produce sulfuric acid that can cause corrosion of concrete and metal. Increase sulfur fertility by releasing sulfur
Term
Methylophiales
Definition
Aerobic gram - bacillis that appear singularly and in chains. Use methanol, glucose, fructose and methylamines as sole carbon and energy source.
Term
Neisseria
Definition
Nonmotile, gram - cocci. Appear in pairs with adjacent sides flattened. Aerobic chemoorganotrophs. Oxidase and catalse positive. Inhabitants of mucous membranes of mammales.
Term
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Definition
Causes gonorrhea
Term
Neisseria meningitidis
Definition
Meningitis
Term
Yersinia pestis
Definition
Causes black death
Term
Gamma proteobacteria include what important families?
Definition
Legionellales, Enterobacteriales, Pseudomonadales, Pasteurellales
Term
Legionellales family includes what 2 genera?
Definition
Coxiella
Legionella
Term
Legionella pneumophilia
Definition
Causes Legionnaire's disease
Term
Methylococcales contains
Definition
1 family- Methylococcaceae and 7 morphologically diverse genera
Term
Methane oxidation
Definition
Occurs in complex arrays of intracellular membranes. Methane is oxidized to methanol and then to formaldehyde (which can be made into cellular material). Electrons donated to electron transport chain for ATP synthesis.
Term
The genus Methylococcus converts methane into
Definition
Formaldehyde -> Fructose-6-phosphate -> Ribulose-5-phosphate
Term
Pasteurellales contains
Definition
1 family pasteurellaceae and 6 genera
Term
Pasteurella multicida causes
Definition
Fowl cholera
Term
Pasteurella haemolytica causes
Definition
Pneumonia in cattle, sheep and goats
Term
Haemophilus influenzae causes
Definition
A variety of diseases including meningitis in children
Term
Pseudomonas
Definition
Genus of gram -, straight or slightly curved bacilli. Chemoorganotrophs with respiratory metabolism. Use O2 and sometimes nitrate as electron acceptor. Have TCA cycle. Degrade many organic molecules. Mineralization
Term
Mineralization
Definition
Microbial breakdown of organic materials to inorganic materials
Term
Azobacter is found
Definition
In soil and water
Term
Order Thiotrichales contains
Definition
3 families
Beggiatoa
Thiomargarita
Term
Vibrionales contain 1 family
Definition
Vibrionaceae which contains 8 genera. Oxidase and glucose positive. Most species are aquatic. Some are symbiotic in the luminous organs of fish
Term
Vibrio cholerae causes
Definition
Asiatic cholera. Has 2 circular chromosomes. Copies of genes are present on both chromsomes and the genome has been sequenced.
Term
Virbrio parahemolyticus causes
Definition
Causes gastroenteritis
Term
Vibrio fischeri
Definition
Capable of bioluminescence. Emit light catalyzed by luciferase
Term
Xanthomonadales contains what two genera?
Definition
Stenotrophomonas
Xanthomonas
Term
Stenotrophomonas maltophiin
Definition
Widely distributed in the environment including soil milk and water. Naturally resistant to many antimicrobials. Does not cause disease in healthy patients. May cause bacteremia, endocarditis, and pneumonia in ICP's assisted breathing
Term
Delta Proteobacteria contain
Definition
8 orders and 20 families
Divided into 2 groups. Aerobic and chemoorganotrophic predators
Term
The orders Desulfovibrionales, Desulfobacterales and Desulfuromonadales are
Definition
Strict anaerboes, sulfur or sulfate reducing and widespread in mud and sediment of aquatic environment including sewage treatment plants
Term
The order Myxococcus contains
Definition
5 families that are gram - bacilli that glide. Exhibit the most complex bacterial life cycle of all prokaryotes. Are aerobic chemoorganotrophs with respiratory metabolism
Term
Myxobacteria are
Definition
Nutrient procurrent via gliding across a substrate (decaying leaf, animal ding, colonies of other bacteria) Pick up nutrients as they glide.
Term
Fruiting body formation
Definition
Requires gliding motility at least. When nutrients are present myxobacteria cells will grow vegetatively. When nutrients become depleted, a complex exchange of extracellular signaling molecules triggers the cells to form aggregates which form fruiting bodies.
Term
What happens after the fruiting body forms?
Definition
The form resting myxospores that will not germinate until nutrients become available.
Term
Myxospores are enclosed in walled structures known as
Definition
Sporangioles
Term
What type of bacteria are the smallest bacteria?
Definition
Epsiolon proteobacteria
Term
Bdelv. bacteriovorus
Definition
Pimarily found in ocean water, freshwater, sewage soil and the intestines of animals. It preys on other bacteria. Known as a living antibiotic because they eat human pathogens. Gram -, motile bacilli. Has sheathed flagella.
Term
Bdelv. bacteriovorus degrades
Definition
products of the host's proteins and nucleic acids.
Term
Life cycle of Bdelv. bacteriovorus includes
(takes 3-4 hours)
Definition
Attachment to host's outer membrane by a hook-like extension. (which breaks down outer cell wall by release of enzymes). Penetration into periplasm and repai of damage done to the cell membane. Once inside periplasm it releases hydrolytic enzymes into host cytoplasm which makes host cell leaky increasing Bdelv's food supply. Grows and exhausts resources in host cell and divides into up to 15 motile cells. Finally the host cell lyses and releases new Bdelv. bacteria.
Term
Bdelv bacteriovorus is useful in purification of water becasuse
Definition
It decreases gram - bacterial counts.
Term
Epsiolon proteobacteria includes campylobacterales which includes
Definition
Camplyobacter and helicobacter
Term
Camplyobacter fetus causes
Definition
Causes reproductive disease and abortions in cattle and sheep. Septicemia in humans
Term
Camplyobacter jejuni causes
Definition
Abortions in sheep. Enterites in humans
Term
Helicobacter contains
Definition
14 species isolated from stomachs and upper intestines of humans, dogs, cats and other mammals
Term
Helicobacter produce large quantities of what? That is associated with what?
Definition
Large quantities of urease which (urea hydrolysis) is associated with virulence
Term
Helicobacter pylori causes
Definition
Gastritis and peptic ulcer disease
Term
Low G + C Gram + Bacteria are also known as
Definition
Firmicutes
Term
Characteristics of Low G + C Gram + (Firmicutes)
Definition
Gram +, some have no cell wall. Some make endospores
Term
Class Bacilli
Definition
Large group of gram pos bacteria
2 order- bacillus and lactobacillales
Term
Type species
Definition
For every genus there is a templar that is the most common
Term
Bacillus subtilus
Definition
Used as a model organism for cellular differentiation, division and other processes. One of first to be sequenced. May have more than 10 integrated prophages or remarks of prophages. (Bacterial virus' nucleic acid)
Term
Bacillus cereus
Definition
Causative organism of food poisoning
Term
Bacillus anthracis
Definition
Anthrax
Term
Bacillus thurigiensis and Bacillus sphaericus
Definition
Used ad insecticide. Have parasporal bodies that have a solid protein crystal that contains toxins
Term
Many bacilli can use what as carbon sources?
Definition
Complex biopolymers from plants and animals, sugars, amino acids or hydrocarbons as carbon sources. (Some species capable of antibiotic production, nitrogen fixation, dentrification, iron precipitation, selenium or maganese oxidation and chemolithoautotrophic growth have been isolated)
Term
Staphylococcus epiermidis
Definition
Forms white,small colonies on agar and is normally a non-pathogenic inhabitant of human skin and mucous membranes. can be responsible for endocarditis and for infections in wounds, surgical infections, UTI's and ICP's.
Term
Staphylococcus aureus
Definition
Found in nasal GI tract. Forms larger, yellow colonies that are often associated with pathogenic infections including sties. boils, pimples, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, meningitis and arthritis. Produces coaguluase (virulence factor) and alpha hemolysin
Term
Thermoactinomyces
Definition
Currently classified as actionomycete. In order Bacillales, family thermoactinomycetaceae. Found in hot environments like compost piles
Term
Caryophanon
Definition
Disk shaped cells found in cow dung
Term
Family Staphylococcaceae
Definition
4 Generea. All facultative anaerobes, nonmotile, gram + cocci. Common parasites of animals and some strains cause serious disease
Term
Major habitats of staphylococcus
Definition
SKin, skin glands, mucoud membranes (in mammals and birds) also have been isolated from oil contaminated trophical soil, growing on naphthalene
Term
Sth. aureus is a major cause of
Definition
Food poisoning
Term
Antimicrobial resistant staphylococci are resistant to
Definition
Methicillin and vancomycin the last resort drug.
Term
Which staphylococci is most antimicrobial resistant due to its high virulence factor?
Definition
Sth aureus
Term
Listeria
Definition
Gram + bacilli, usually short. motile by peritrichous flagella. Non-capsule. Non-spore. Aerobic or facultative aerobes
Term
Some species of Listeria can multiply where?
Definition
Inside phagocytic cells
Term
What is the Listeria mode of entry into a phagocytic cell?
Definition
Zipper mechanism- spreads directly from cell to cell by actin-based intracellular movemements.
Term
Listeria contain a large number of transport proteins and many transcriptional regulators but usually do not contain
Definition
PLasmids and tranposons
Term
Listeria monocytogenes
Definition
Infects humans and animals causing meningitis in adults and, sepsis, prepostnatal infections and abortions
Term
All members of the class Clostridia are
Definition
Anaerobic, gram +, swollen endospore forming only in anaerbic conditions. (anaerobic versions of the genus bacillus) Energy producers
Term
Clostridium coccoides
Definition
Only low G + C gram pos bacteria that are not curved
Term
Clostridum have a fermentative metabolism that allows them to
Definition
Ferment amino acids using sticklad reaction.
Perform oxidation of one amino acid using another as an electron acceptor
Ferment products responsible for unpleasant odors
Term
Clost. botulinum
Definition
Causes food spoilage (especially canned foods) botulism
Term
Clost. tetani
Definition
Causes tetanus
Term
Clost. perfringens
Definition
Causes gas gangrene
Term
Clost. acetobutlyicum
Definition
Helps manufacture of butanol
Term
Desulfomaculatum
Definition
Anaerobic, endospore formin, reduce sulfate and sulfite to h2S during anaerobic respiration. Stain gram - but electron micropgraph shows that it has a gram + cell wall
Term
Heliobacterium
Definition
Have photosystems similar to green sulfur bacteria.
Term
Veilonella
Definition
Gram negative cocci but are placed in the order clostridiales. Have complex nutritional requirements 0.3-2.5um big size fange
Term
What makes veilonella different from staphylococcus?
Definition
The fact that they are anaerobic and gram negative cocci
Term
Veilonella serve ad parasites for
Definition
Humans, ruminants (sheep, cow, anything that chews grass)
Rodents
Pigs
Term
Ruminococcus
Definition
Non-motile, coccoid anerobic bacteria that obtain nutrients by breaking down celllulose that comes through the digestive system of the host organism
Term
Lactobacilli (aka lactic acid bacteria)
Definition
Order consisting of usually straight bacilli often in pairs or chains, nonsporing, usually nonmotile, fermentative (carbs), cytochrome lacking (no electron transport), gram +, almost all energy comes from the fermentation of glucose.
Term
When do lactobacillli produce lactate?
Definition
During homolactic fermentation
about 85-90% of all carbs are converted to lactic acid. Generate ATp by subtrate level phosphorylation
Term
Lactobacillus
Definition
Largest genus in the order lactobacillales. Grow best in acidic conditions 30-40 C (4.5-6.4) Associated with plant herbage (leaf portion) Have glycolytic pathway, dairy products, meat, water, sewage, beer
Term
Lactobacilli are port of the GI microflora. Which lactobacilli is the most common?
Definition
Lactobacillus gusseri
Term
Lactobacillus are most commonly associated with
Definition
Fermented vegetable products (sauerkraut, pickles etc) and fermented beverages (Beer, wine etc)
Sour dough bread
Swiss cheese
Yogurt
Sausage
Spoilage of beer, milk and meat
Term
Lactobacilli produce lactic acid which is essential for
Definition
GI tract establishment
Term
Which Lactobacilli are considered to have probiotic use?
Definition
Lactobacillus and acidophilus (probiotics, such as bifidobacterium and yeasts, are live microorganisms that are ingested that may beneficially effect a host by improving the balance of intestinal microflora)
Term
Leuconostoc
Definition
Genus of facultative gram + cocci that carry out heterolactic fermentation via phosphoketolase pathway. Produce acetic acid which is useful in the production of sauerkraut, pickles, butter, wine and cheeses. Involved in food spoilage, can tolerate high carb concentrations and will grow in heavy syrup
Term
Streptococcus
Definition
Genus of nonmotile, facultative anaerobes that are capable of homolactic fermentation. Inhabit the GI tract of humans.
Term
Streptococcus pyrogenes
Definition
Cause strept throat
Term
Streptococcus mutans
Definition
Consumes sucrose and produces amino acid creating cavities.
Term
Enterococci
Definition
Normal resident flora of the GI tract. Primarily found in feces. Related to bacillus and listeria species
Term
Enterococci can cause what in humans?
Definition
Diarrhea in humans. Some strains have become resistant to all antibiotics including vancomysin. Serious problem for ICP's and those who have underlying health conditions
Term
Streptococcus pyogenes
Definition
Causes streptococcal sore throat, acute glomerulonephritis and rheumatic fever
Term
Streptococcus pneumonia
Definition
Causative organism lobar pneumonia and otitis media
Term
Enterococcus faecalis
Definition
Oppurtunistic pathogen (UTI's and endocarditis)
Term
Lactoccocus lactis
Definition
Assists in the production of buttermilk
Term
Class Mollicutes
Definition
Consists of 5 orders and 6 families. Lack cell walls and are pleomorphic. They can't make peptidoglycan precursors and are penicillin resistant. Most nonmotile, some gliding motility. Smallest bacteria capable of self-reproduction (outside of another cell)
Term
Mycoplasma
Definition
(Mollicutes)Reproduce by binary fission but cytoplasmic division may lag behind the genetic material replication making the mycoplasma appear to go through filamentous processes. Gram neg cocci or bacilli. No shape due to lack of cell wall. Smallest organism to be cultured on cell free media
Term
How many genes do mycoplasma have?
Definition
Less than 1000. Smallest amount of any prokaryote
Term
PPO
Definition
Pleuro Pneumonia organism. Primary pathogens of cows, sheep and goats
Term
PPLO
Definition
Pleuro pneumonia like organism (old name for mycoplasma) isolated from dogs, pigs, rodents, birds and sewage
Term
L Forms
Definition
Wall-less form (organisms that have temporarily lost their cell walls) Gram neg osmotically fragile and pleomorphic. Cell wall fragments. Replicte (with typical colonial morphology). Turn into bacterial phase
Term
Bacterial phase
Definition
Normal cell wall. Can be gram pos or neg. Goes next into transitional phase variant
Term
Transitional Phase Variant
Definition
Gram variable, pleomorphic, variable amount of cell wall material, unstable in culture. Can become sheroplasts or protoplasts
Term
Spheroplast
Definition
Gram neg, cell wall fragments, spherical, non replicating. Can either turn into protoplasts or go straight to the L-form
Term
Protoplast
Definition
Gram neg, no cell wall fragments, very osmotically fragile/pleomorphic, non replicating. Go straight to L-form
Term
Mycoplasma can't turn into what type of bacteria?
Definition
Walled bacteria
Term
What is the most efficient stain to use when observing mollicutes or mycoplasma?
Definition
Dienes stain
Term
What may mycoplasma contain in stage II growth
Definition
Filaments, making them appear as fungi.
Term
Mycoplasma are the smallest organisms to
Definition
Be cultured on cell free media. (0.2-0.9um)
Term
Mycoplasma takes in what from the environment and incorporates it into its lipid bi-layer?
Definition
Cholesterol
Term
What is the net surface charge of a mycoplasmal membrane
Definition
Negative
Term
Plasticity
Definition
Ability to change shape
Term
Pleomorphism
Definition
Multiple shapes
Term
T-strains
Definition
Tiny mycoplasma that replicate by budding and branching. Result form predictable metabolic metabolic deficiencies. Can't degrade accumulating NH4
Term
Mycoplasma can cause what? What is the incubation time?
Definition
Walking pneumonia
2-3 weeks
Term
What are some symptoms of walking pneumonia?
Definition
Fever, headache, malaise, persistent non-productive hacking cough.
Respiatory symptoms appear somewhat later and persist for several weeks.
Pharyngitis
Chills
Sweating
Otitis media
Pulmonary infiltration
Term
Walking pneumonia WBC count, RBC count and Sed rate
Definition
WBC- normal then decreased. Slightly neutrophilic. Lymphs in infiltrate
RBC- Normal then decreased. Hemolytic anemia
Sed rate- Decreased
Term
If media contains sulfate polysaccharides what effect will it have on mycoplasma?
Definition
It will inhibit them
Media can be overcome with DEAE Dextron
Solid media should be less than 1.5% agar
Term
Streptococcus MG
Definition
Used to rule in Mycoplasma Pneumonia
Term
Mycoplasmal epidemiology
Definition
In U.S. and Canada mycoplasma is common in late winter and summer. Epidemics occur every 4-8 years. Spread by close contact via aerosolized droplets
Term
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Definition
First isolated by Koch in 1876. Causes Erysipeloid Insidiosa- a self-limiting disease
Term
Erysipeloid Insidiosa
Definition
Characterized by red to purple lesions with smooth shiny surfaces. Lesions may expand into tiny blisters. May be warm and tender causing pain or burning. Occur most often on the hands, webs of fingers, forearms or any other exposed area of the body
Term
Erysipelothrix
Definition
Genus of non-motile, gram pos, nonsporulating, facultative anaerobe bacillus. Growth impaired by CO2. Occur in short chains, pairs. Enters host through scratches or puncture wounds on the surface of the skin.
Term
Propionibacterium
Definition
Causative organism of acne
Term
Actinobacteria are a
Definition
Phylum that contain:
1 class- Actinobacteria
5 subclasses
6 orders
14 suborders
44 families
Term
Actinomycineae
Definition
A suborder of actinobacteria that are gram pos, found in soil, decompose organic material (important role), replenish nutrient supply in soil, important part of humus formation. Few pathogens, most aerobic, most nonmotile
Term
Actinomycineae developm filamentous cells known as what?
Definition
Hyphae
Term
How do actinomycineae grow?
Definition
They can either grow on a substrate or into it to produce a substrate mycelium. Some can form aerial mycelium that extend above substratum
Term
An aerial mycelium forms expospores known as
Definition
Sporangiospores if they are located in a sporagium
Term
How can you distinguish actinomycineae?
Definition
Using morphology and color of the mycelium and sporangia
Surface features and arrangement of spores
%GC in DNA
Cell membrane phospholipid compostion
Heat resistance of spores
Term
Actinomyces
Definition
Genus that contains straight or slightly curved bacilli and slender filaments with true branching.
May have swollen, clubbed or clavate ends
Facultative or obligate aerobes
Require CO2 for best grouwth
Normal flora of mucosal surfaces of humans and other animals
Term
Act. bovis
Definition
Causes lumpy jaw in cattle
Term
Act. israeli
Definition
Anaerobic and most important human pathogen
Term
Micrococcus
Definition
Genus of aerobic, catalase-pos bacilli that occur in pairs, tetrads or irregular clusters. Usually non motile
Often pigmented yello, orange or red
Term
Arthrobacter
Definition
Genus of aerobic, catalase pos bacilli that possess respiratory metabolism (Lysine in peptidoglycan
Term
Corynebacteriaeae
Definition
Suborder of bacteria containing 7 families of gram pos bacilli that turn into gram neg
Term
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Definition
Etological agent of diaphtheria and upper respiratory disease mainly affecting children.
Facultatively anaerobic
Highly contagious by physical contact or breathing the aerosolized secretions of infected individuals
Term
Corynebacteria
Definition
Small, nonmotile, gram pos, internal dark staining beads with metachromatic granules, non-sporulating. Have club-like ends, are pleomorphic and chemoorganotrophs. isolated from soil, water, blood and human skin
Term
Corynebacteria are fastidious they grow
Definition
Slowly on enriched medium. due to their division cells often lie in clusters resembling Chinese letters. "Snapping division".
Term
Mycobacterium forms a family with
Definition
Nocardia and Rhodococcus
Term
Mycobacterium
Definition
Subject of research, 56 species now recognized. No branching, aerobic, nonsporing, acid-fast. can be fastidious and take 2 years to develop in culture. Neither gram pos or gram neg. naturally resistant to anti c.w. antibodies. Msost susceptible to clarithromycin and rifamycin. Some antibiotic resistant strains are known to exist.
Term
Myco. leprae
Definition
Takes more than 20 days to proceed through one division cycle
Term
Mycobacterium cell wall contains
Definition
Outer lipids, mycolic acid, polysaccharides, peptidoglycan, plasma membrane and lipoarbinomannan
Term
Mycobacterium can colonize the host without
Definition
The host showing any adverse signs. Infections are very hard to treat due to their cell wall.
Term
DR
Definition
Drug resistant
Term
MDR
Definition
Multi drugresistant
Term
XDR
Definition
Extremely drug resistant
Term
What are ureaplasma inhibited by?
Definition
Thalliuma acetate
Hydroxyurea
Erythromycin
Lincomycin
Term
What color are urease colonies on MgSO4
Definition
Finely granular and brown due to urease activity
Term
Ureaplasma can cause
Definition
NGU (Not caused by gonnahrea ureathritis)
Chromosomal aberations (Lymphocytes)
UTI's from adsportion on sperm
Term
What are some factors that strengthen the mycoplasmal ultrastructure?
Definition
Unsaturated fatty acids
Polyvalent cations
Low temps
Factors that weaken cell surface such as lipid solvents, alcohols, lipid emulsifiers, bio salts
Term
Mycoplasma bioenergetics
Definition
Chemoorganotrophs. SOme produce ATP by glycolysis and lactic acid fermentation. Some catabolize amino acids
Term
Growth requirements of mycoplasma
Definition
10% horse serum
20-30% ascites fluid
Term
Under proper growth conditions mycoplasma form
Definition
Unbonate colonies with dense c3enters and fringe pero=iphery, fried egg colonies that are very small
Term
Myco. penetrans
Definition
Proposed as human pathogen and possible cofactor in HIV infection
Term
Myco. mycoides
Definition
Cause bovine pleuropneumoni in cattle
Term
Myco gallispeticum
Definition
Can cause chronic respiratory issues in pigs or chickens
Term
Myco hominis
Definition
Causes pyelonephritis, pelvic inflammatory disease and postpartum fever
Term
Myco genitalium
Definition
Originally isolated from ureathral specimens of 2 men with nongonococcal urethritis
Term
Myco. pneumoniae
Definition
Cause of primary atypical pneumonia
Term
What are two mycobacterial substrates?
Definition
Carbs
Organic acids
Term
What is the genome size of myco leprae?
Definition
3.2 Mbp
Term
What is the genome size of myco tuberculosis?
Definition
4.4. Mbp
Term
Slow growing strains of mycoplasma have how many copies of the rRNA gene?
Definition
1
Term
Fast growing strains of mycoplasma have how many copies of the rRNA gene?
Definition
2
Term
What is the genome size of E. coli?
Definition
7
Term
Mycoplasma can cause
Definition
Tuberculosis
Hansen's disease
Term
Chlamydia
Definition
Genus of nonmotile, coccoid, gram neg bacteria (cell walls lack muramic acid and peptidoglycan) DOn't have genes for SLP, electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation
Term
Instead of muramic acid and peptidoglycan in their cell walls, Chlamydia have
Definition
Outer liposaccharide and cystein rich proteins
Term
Chlamydia develop how?
Definition
Formation of elementary body and reticulate body or initial body. Growth occurs in spurts possibly due to awaiting for the host cell to make sufficient ATP
Term
Elementary bodies are
Definition
0.3um and act as a rigid cell wall. They are relatively resistant to sonification and adapted for extracellular survival. Infectious if it comes in contact with bird or mammal cell. Bioenergetically dormant.
Term
Reticulate body
Definition
The elementary bodies of chlamydia convert to reticulate bodies (initial body) 0.5-1.0um Acts as a fragile cell wall that is sensitive to sonification and can be lysed by trypsin. They are adapted for intracellular growth. Not infectious. Have biosynthetic capabilities if they have the right precursors they can make amino acids
Term
Chlamydia acts as an energy parasite, obtaining ATP from
Definition
The host because it can't make its own
Term
What organism can cause Blennorrhea which is an eye infection
Definition
Chlamydia
Term
Chlam. trachomatis
Definition
Infects humans and mice. Causes trachoma, nongonococcal urethritis: NGU, and other diseases in humans.
Term
Chlam. pscittaci
Definition
Infects humans and many other animals. Causes psittacosis in humans
Term
Chlam. pneumoniae
Definition
A common cause of human pneumonia
Term
Phylum Spirochaete
Definition
1 Class, 1 Order- Spirochaetales, 3 Genera.
Spirochaetales- Borrelia, Leptospira, Treponema
Term
Spirochaete
Definition
Gram-negative bacteria with distinctive structure and motility.
Slender, long with flexible helical shape.
Creeping motility due to structure called axial filament.
Term
Where can spirochaetes be found?
Definition
Hindguts of termites.
Digestive tracks of mollusks and mammals.Oral cavities of animals.
Term
Genus Spirochaeta
Definition
Long spirals, freee living and found sometimes in sewage treatment
Term
Genus critispira
Definition
Mollusk parasites
1-3um x 30-120um spirals.
Term
Trep. denticola, Trep. oralis
Definition
Found in the human oral tract
Term
Trep. pallidum
Definition
Found in syphilis
Obligate parasite
Term
Genus Borrelia
Definition
0.2 x 3-20um spirals.
Term
Borrelia. recurrentis
Definition
Causative organism of relapsing fever
Term
Borrelia burgdorferi
Definition
Causative organism of Lyme disease.
Term
Borrelia vincentii
Definition
Causative organism of trench mouth
Term
Genus Leptospira (Leptospiraceae)
Definition
0.1 x 6-24um spirals.
Term
Leptospira ictohemorrhagiae
Definition
Causative organism of Weil's Disease and infectious jaundice
Term
Fibrobacters
Definition
Fiber digesting bacteria and are sometimes associated with the GIT of horses.
Term
Fibrobacter intestinalis
Definition
Montgomery et al. 1988.
Term
Fibrobacter succinogenes
Definition
With subspecies elongatus corrig
Term
Fibrobacter succinogenes
Definition
With subspecies succinogenes
Term
Class Bacteroides
Definition
Gram negative bacilli of various shapes.Do NOT form endospores. Motile (Peritrichous flagella) or nonmotile. Anaerobic chemoheterotrophs, Fermentative.
Often found in oral cavity and intestinal tract of humans and other animals and rumen.
Often benefit host by degrading complex carbohydrates, providing extra nutrition to host.
May be up to 30% of bacteria from human feces. Some cause disease.
Term
Genus Bacteroides
Definition
Outnumbers E. coli in human GIT 100:1 to 1000:1
Term
Class Sphingobacteria
Definition
Morphologically diverse. Often have sphingolipids in cell walls. Many are motile by gliding motility. Most are free living; some are pathogenic in vertebrate hosts.
Term
Class Cytophaga
Definition
Slender bacilli, often with pointed ends. Aerobic metabolism. Degrade complex polysaccharides: cellulose, chitin, pectin, keratin, agar, etc. Play major role in mineralization of organic material. Significant component of bacterial population in sewage treatment plants. Most are free-living; some are pathogenic in vertebrate hosts.
Term
Cytophaga columnaris
Definition
Pathogen of fish
Term
Class Flexibacter
Definition
Long, flexible threadlike cells when young. Colonies are often yellow to orange due to production of carotenoid or flexirubin pigments. Unable to use complex polysaccharides
Term
Gliding Motility
Definition
Fruiting and nonfruiting aerobic chemoheterotrophs. Cyanobacteria, green non-sulfur bacteria, at least two gram-positive genera.
Cells leave slime trail as glide along, can be very rapid
Motility often lost with age
Low nutrient levels usually stimulate gliding
Term
Gliding mechanism unknown but when does it occur?
Definition
It occurs when cells in contact with solid surface
Term
What does the gliding mechanism do?
Definition
It enables cells to encounter insoluble nutrient sources and digest them will cell bound digestive enzymes
It also allows cells to position themselves optimally for light intensity, oxygen, h2S, temp, etc.
Term
When does gliding motility work best?
Definition
It works well in drier habitats (soil, sediments, rotting wood, etc.)
Supporting users have an ad free experience!