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Definition
Listing function to provide useful ways for identifying and comparing organisms. |
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Definition
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Universal suffix for order |
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Universal suffix for family |
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Definition
Groups organisms based on mutual similarity of phenotypic characteristics. Ex. Motile or non -motile. |
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Term
Phylogenetic (Genotypic) taxonomy |
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Definition
Groups organisms based on shared evolutionary heritage. Also referred to as phyletic taxonomy. |
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Definition
Arranges from smaller to larger levels of organization Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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Definition
Similarity matrix, groups organisms together by the greatest number of characteristics in common |
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Definition
Tree-like diagram used to display taxonomy |
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Definition
Group of organisms with great similarity |
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Definition
Groups organisms together by actual DNA sequences in common. |
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Term
DNA Taxonomy uses what two measurements? |
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Definition
Genome size (1 x 10^9 and 4 x 10^9 daltons/cell) G + C ratio (guanine and cytosine) |
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Definition
G + C ------ = % A + T + G + C |
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Definition
2 organisms are said to be in the same molecular species if they ehibit 70% or greater relatedness and the related sequences contain 5% or fewer unpaired base pairs. |
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Term
Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) |
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Definition
The sequencing and comparison of 5 to 7 housekeeping genes is done to prevent misleading results from analysis of one gene introduced by lateral gene transfer |
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Definition
Repetitive sequences amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. |
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Definition
Amino acid sequence of a protein is a reflection of the mRNA sequence and therefore, of the gene which encodes that protein. |
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Definition
No longer accepted did not distingquis the diversity between the kingdoms |
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Definition
Divides the prokaryote into eubacteria |
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Definition
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Definition
Every species that is not 100% identical is a different species |
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Definition
If an organism is very closely related it can be called the same species |
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Definition
Length of the line reflects how closely organisms are related |
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Definition
Computer-based, color enhances version of 2D spread |
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Definition
Created first system of classifications of plants and created the binomial system |
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Definition
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Definition
Common or informal name of an orgnism. Ex. E. Coli |
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Term
What are some of the common conventions of naming microorganisms? |
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Definition
After discoverer Habitat Morphology Physiologic Characteristc Pathogenicity Cultural characteristic |
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Term
What are the techniques that are use for identification of an unknown organism? |
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Definition
Isolation Gas environment Microscopic and Macroscopic morphology Biochemical characteristics Serologic characteristics Pathophyssologic characteristics Phage testing DNA probes/ homology PCR |
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Term
What are some methods of bacterial isolation? |
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Definition
Streak plate and pour plate |
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Term
What are some examples of the gaseous environment characteristics of bacteria? |
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Definition
Aerobe Anaerobe Microaerophile Facultative Anaerobe |
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Term
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Definition
The ability of a bacteria to attack (lyse) proteins |
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Term
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Definition
Can a bacteria use nitrate as the hydrogen acceptor |
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Term
What are serologic characteristics of bacteria? |
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Definition
Ability to act as antigens to the human immune system. Can use antibody production to test for them. |
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Term
What are pathophysologic characteristics? |
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Definition
How bacteria affects other orgnansisms physiologically. Use animal inoculation to test for pathophysologic properties. |
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Definition
Testing for bacteria that act as parasites to other bacteria. Or testing for viruses |
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Term
Of what use are DNA probes/ DNA homology? |
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Definition
Tell organisms apart by their DNA |
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Term
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Definition
Bacteria identified in 1977 by Carl Woese and George E. Fox. |
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Term
Carl Woese renamed archaebacteria and eubcacteria to what? |
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Definition
Archaea and Bacteria. Claimed that these two and Eukarya composed the three domains of living organisms. |
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Term
Archaebacteria are known for growth in what type of conditions? |
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Definition
Anaerobic hypersaline and high temperature habitats |
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Term
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Definition
Muramic acid and D-amino acids. Can stain gram + or gram -. |
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Term
Archae have what peptidoglycan-like polymers? |
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Definition
Pseudomurein which is found in some methanogenic species |
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Term
How do archaebacteria's membrane lipids differ from bacteria dn eucarya? |
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Definition
They have branched chain hydrocarbons attached to glycerol by ether linkages. (Bacteria and eucaryotes have fatty acids attached to glycerol by ester linkages) |
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Term
Archae are what type of organisms? |
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Definition
Single celled organisms that lack a nuclei, so are prokaryotes classified as Monera in 6 kingdom system. |
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Term
About what percent of genes are shared exclusively between archeons and eucaryotes that code for proteins involved in transcription, translation or DNA metabolism. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Extremely thermophilic, acidophiles, sulfur-dependent (sulfure used in some as an electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration. For some it is used as an electron) |
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Definition
Genus of bacteria that are Thermophilic, Anaerobic, hypethermic (deep-sea thermal vents). Optimal temp for growth is 85 C. They have a latticce-like protein structure celll covering |
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Definition
Genus of anaerobes that grow by autotrophic sulfur reduction. |
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Definition
Class of archae that are found in environments with salt, moisture and organic material. (Halobacteria prefer (8-36% salt) (Ocean is 3.1-3.8% salt) |
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Term
Why do large blooms of halobacteria appear reddish? |
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Definition
Due to their pigment bacteriorhodopsin which absorbs light, which provides energy to create ATP. |
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Term
What is a second pigment that pumps in chloride ions in response to photons creating a voltage gradient and assisting in the production of energy from light called? |
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Definition
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Term
Halobacteria are incapable of what? |
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Definition
Fixing Carbon from Carbon dioxide |
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Term
Most halophilic and halotolerant bacteria expend energy to due what? |
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Definition
Prevent salt from getting into their cytoplasm to avoid "salting out" (protein aggregation) |
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Term
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Definition
Organism needs it to survive |
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Term
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Definition
Organism can survive it is around |
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Definition
Unique type of photosynthesis that's not chlorophyll based. |
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Definition
Genus thats mesophilic and closely related on the hgenus level by DNA association levels. Used to incluse methanocaldococcus jannaschii but it's a thermophile so the genus was reorganized. |
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Term
All archaea have lipids with links between the head group and side chains that make the lipids more |
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Definition
Resistant to heat and acidity than typical bacterial eukaryotic ester-linked lipids. |
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Term
Different archaea have different derivates of |
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Definition
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Term
Methcl. jannaschii contains almost exclusively |
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Definition
Polar archael derivates including macrocyclic archaeol and archaeal core lipid. |
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Term
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Definition
Contain almost exclusively polor archael derivates, was formally in the genus methanococcus and can grow in atmospheric pressure up to 200 atm and temps between 48-94 C. Optimum temp is 85 C |
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Definition
Genus that was discovered as being tiny dots on another organism. Only 400nm in diameter. Require cell-cell contact with active Ignicoccus bacteria in order to grow. |
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Definition
Genus of bacteria that are autotrophic sulfur-reducing thermophiles. Serve as the host cell for Nanoarcheum. |
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Term
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Definition
Gram - and motile (some non-motile or glide) |
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Term
Proteobacteria is a phylum of bacteria that includes |
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Definition
Eschericia, Salmonella, Vibrio and Heliobacter |
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Term
Proteobacteria are defined by |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Unique group of bacteria that can aggregate to form fruiting bodies |
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Term
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Definition
Have at least 1 of 3 distinguishing features: prostheca Stalk Reproduction by budding |
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Definition
Extension of cell, including plasma membrane (alive) |
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Term
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Definition
Nonliving appendage produced by cell and extending from it |
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Term
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Definition
Progeny cell is a bud that first appears as a small protrusion on a parent cell and enlarges to form a mature cell |
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Definition
Genus of bacteria that have prosthecate and produce by budding. They are aerobic autotrophs that grow on ethanol, acetate and one carbon molecules. Facultative methylotroph. Frequently attach to solid objects in aquatic and terretrial environments. Constitute up to 25% of total bacterial population in oligotrophic (nutrient poor) freshwater habitats |
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Definition
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Definition
Gram -, bacillus, motile, have stalk, lack intracellular organs. Found in aquatic environments attached to particulate matter (use stalk to hold on). Asymmetrically divides producing two structurally and functionally different daughter cells. 2-3 um |
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Definition
Genus of bacteria that are motile, gram -, alpha proteobacteria, nitrogen fixators, live on plant roots |
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Term
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Definition
Home of rhizobium. Gaseous environment found at the end of the smallest plant root hairs |
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Term
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Definition
Genus of bacteria that do not stimulate nodule formation or fix nitrogen. Grows in the middle of the plant root hair and forms aggregates. |
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Term
Agrobacterium tumefaciens |
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Definition
Causative organism of crown gall disease in dicotyledonous plants |
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Term
Nitrifying bactera of the class alphaproteobacteria |
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Definition
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Term
Nitrifying bactera of the class betaproteobacterua |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
The process of converting ammonia to first nitrite and then nitrate. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Purple nonsulfur bacterua |
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Definition
Found in mud and water of lakes and ponds with abundant organic matter and low sulfide levels. Include Rhodospirillum and azospirillum. |
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Term
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Definition
Resting cells resistant to desixxation but less tolerant of heat and UV than endospores. Made in respponse to nutrient limitation. Have thick outer coat and store polyhydroxybutyrate |
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Term
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Definition
Genus of bacteria characterized by the ability to convert ethanol to acetic acid in the presence of O2. Used commercially to convert ethanol in wine to acetic acid producing vinegar) |
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Term
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Definition
An order of proteobacter with 2 families: acetobacteraceae (heterotrophic produce acetic acid during respiration) and rhodospirillaceae (purple non sulfur bacteria use photosynthesis) |
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Term
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Definition
Species of gram - bacteria that obtain nutrients through symbiotic relationship. Host makes amino acids and vitamins for Wolbachia and the host makes metabolic coenzymes that the host doesn't have. |
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Definition
Genus of bacteria that uses binary fission. Contains DNA and RNA. Cell wall has peptidoglycan. Difficult to grow (needs to be grown inside living cell). Easy to kill with disinfectants. Discovered by Howard Taylor Ricketts who was looking for the cause of RMSF |
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Term
What are some common features of Rickettsia and Coxiella? |
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Definition
Bacillus shaped coccoid or pleomorhphic. Gram - cell walls. No flagella. Very small. |
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Term
Pathogenesis of a Rickettsia |
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Definition
Enters host by phagocytosis-> escapes phagosome -> reproduces in cytoplasm -> host cell burst |
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Term
Pathogenesis of a Coxiella |
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Definition
Enters host by phagocytosis. -> Remains in phagosome -> Reproduces in phagolysosome -> Host cell bursts |
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Term
Mitochondria are phylogenically related to what species of bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
Mitochondria were believed to colonize primordial eukaryotic cells without the ability to do what? |
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Definition
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Term
Theory on why mitochondria organism became an intracellular organelle |
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Definition
Increase in ambient oxygen tension in Earth's atmosphere approximately 2 billion years ago. |
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Term
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Definition
Gram-, cause Querry Fever, easily killed by heat but not as easily killed as Rickettsia. Stable outside the host cell. Pleomorhphic. |
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Term
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Definition
Organism where largest numbers occur |
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Term
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Definition
Species that maintains the organism during periods of low infectivity |
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Term
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Definition
Species that moves the pathogen around |
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Term
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Definition
Causes RMSF Wild rabbits, dogs, sheep, rodents |
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Term
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Definition
Causes Boutonneuse Fever Ticks, Dogs, rodents Mediterranean |
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Term
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Definition
Causes scrub typhus. (Tsutsugamushi fever) Thrombiculed mites, rodents Asia, Pacific islangs, Australia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Q Fever (Nine mile fever) |
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Term
Typical rickettsial disease occurs when |
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Definition
Insect blood meal (Local first then systemic) Blockage of venules -> thrombus Incubation period is 1-4 weeks Prodrome: headache, chills, fever Syndrome: Hemorrhagic rash, shock, toxins |
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Term
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Definition
Genus of bacteria that causes the tick-borne disease Ehrlichiosis. Acts as a vetinary pathoge. Also causes Sennetsu fever or Ehrlichia sennetsu which is characterized by swollen lymph nodes. |
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Term
Ehrlichiaceae (Description of actual bacteria) |
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Definition
Are small gram - that invade WBC's. Appear as 1-3 um coci and divide to form vacuole bound colonies known as moralae |
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Term
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Definition
Reside in bodies of other organisms |
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Term
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Definition
Consists of 4 families with 3 well known genera |
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Term
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Definition
Gram -, non-spore forming, straight bacilli. Most are motile with single flagellum or tuft of polar flagella. Aerobic and mesophilic. Nonfermentative chemoorganotrophs. |
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Term
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Definition
Degrades more than 100 organic molecule. Recycles organic material. Plant pathogen. Particular problem for cystic fibrosis patients |
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Term
Burkholderia and Ralstonia are both |
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Definition
Nitrogen fixators that form symbiotic associations with legumes. Related to rhizobia |
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Term
Family Alcaliginaceae includes what important genera? |
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Definition
Bordetella (gram - coccobacilli. capsulated aerobic chemoorganotrophs. require sulfur and amino acids. mammalian parasites that multiply in respiratory epithelial cells. |
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Term
Sphaeroticus and Lepothrix |
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Definition
Can be found in aquatic environments that contain sufficient amounts of organic matter.Live in waste water treatment plants. Have a sheath. (hollow tubelike structure surrounding a chain of cells) helps in attachment to surfaces, obtaining nutrients from slowly running water and protection against predators |
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Term
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Definition
Found in soil and quatic habitats. Produce sulfuric acid that can cause corrosion of concrete and metal. Increase sulfur fertility by releasing sulfur |
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Term
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Definition
Aerobic gram - bacillis that appear singularly and in chains. Use methanol, glucose, fructose and methylamines as sole carbon and energy source. |
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Term
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Definition
Nonmotile, gram - cocci. Appear in pairs with adjacent sides flattened. Aerobic chemoorganotrophs. Oxidase and catalse positive. Inhabitants of mucous membranes of mammales. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Gamma proteobacteria include what important families? |
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Definition
Legionellales, Enterobacteriales, Pseudomonadales, Pasteurellales |
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Term
Legionellales family includes what 2 genera? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Causes Legionnaire's disease |
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Term
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Definition
1 family- Methylococcaceae and 7 morphologically diverse genera |
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Term
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Definition
Occurs in complex arrays of intracellular membranes. Methane is oxidized to methanol and then to formaldehyde (which can be made into cellular material). Electrons donated to electron transport chain for ATP synthesis. |
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Term
The genus Methylococcus converts methane into |
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Definition
Formaldehyde -> Fructose-6-phosphate -> Ribulose-5-phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
1 family pasteurellaceae and 6 genera |
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Term
Pasteurella multicida causes |
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Definition
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Term
Pasteurella haemolytica causes |
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Definition
Pneumonia in cattle, sheep and goats |
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Term
Haemophilus influenzae causes |
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Definition
A variety of diseases including meningitis in children |
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Term
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Definition
Genus of gram -, straight or slightly curved bacilli. Chemoorganotrophs with respiratory metabolism. Use O2 and sometimes nitrate as electron acceptor. Have TCA cycle. Degrade many organic molecules. Mineralization |
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Term
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Definition
Microbial breakdown of organic materials to inorganic materials |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Order Thiotrichales contains |
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Definition
3 families Beggiatoa Thiomargarita |
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Term
Vibrionales contain 1 family |
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Definition
Vibrionaceae which contains 8 genera. Oxidase and glucose positive. Most species are aquatic. Some are symbiotic in the luminous organs of fish |
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Term
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Definition
Asiatic cholera. Has 2 circular chromosomes. Copies of genes are present on both chromsomes and the genome has been sequenced. |
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Term
Virbrio parahemolyticus causes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Capable of bioluminescence. Emit light catalyzed by luciferase |
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Term
Xanthomonadales contains what two genera? |
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Definition
Stenotrophomonas Xanthomonas |
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Term
Stenotrophomonas maltophiin |
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Definition
Widely distributed in the environment including soil milk and water. Naturally resistant to many antimicrobials. Does not cause disease in healthy patients. May cause bacteremia, endocarditis, and pneumonia in ICP's assisted breathing |
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Term
Delta Proteobacteria contain |
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Definition
8 orders and 20 families Divided into 2 groups. Aerobic and chemoorganotrophic predators |
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Term
The orders Desulfovibrionales, Desulfobacterales and Desulfuromonadales are |
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Definition
Strict anaerboes, sulfur or sulfate reducing and widespread in mud and sediment of aquatic environment including sewage treatment plants |
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Term
The order Myxococcus contains |
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Definition
5 families that are gram - bacilli that glide. Exhibit the most complex bacterial life cycle of all prokaryotes. Are aerobic chemoorganotrophs with respiratory metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
Nutrient procurrent via gliding across a substrate (decaying leaf, animal ding, colonies of other bacteria) Pick up nutrients as they glide. |
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Term
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Definition
Requires gliding motility at least. When nutrients are present myxobacteria cells will grow vegetatively. When nutrients become depleted, a complex exchange of extracellular signaling molecules triggers the cells to form aggregates which form fruiting bodies. |
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Term
What happens after the fruiting body forms? |
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Definition
The form resting myxospores that will not germinate until nutrients become available. |
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Term
Myxospores are enclosed in walled structures known as |
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Definition
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Term
What type of bacteria are the smallest bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Pimarily found in ocean water, freshwater, sewage soil and the intestines of animals. It preys on other bacteria. Known as a living antibiotic because they eat human pathogens. Gram -, motile bacilli. Has sheathed flagella. |
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Term
Bdelv. bacteriovorus degrades |
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Definition
products of the host's proteins and nucleic acids. |
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Term
Life cycle of Bdelv. bacteriovorus includes (takes 3-4 hours) |
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Definition
Attachment to host's outer membrane by a hook-like extension. (which breaks down outer cell wall by release of enzymes). Penetration into periplasm and repai of damage done to the cell membane. Once inside periplasm it releases hydrolytic enzymes into host cytoplasm which makes host cell leaky increasing Bdelv's food supply. Grows and exhausts resources in host cell and divides into up to 15 motile cells. Finally the host cell lyses and releases new Bdelv. bacteria. |
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Term
Bdelv bacteriovorus is useful in purification of water becasuse |
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Definition
It decreases gram - bacterial counts. |
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Term
Epsiolon proteobacteria includes campylobacterales which includes |
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Definition
Camplyobacter and helicobacter |
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Term
Camplyobacter fetus causes |
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Definition
Causes reproductive disease and abortions in cattle and sheep. Septicemia in humans |
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Term
Camplyobacter jejuni causes |
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Definition
Abortions in sheep. Enterites in humans |
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Term
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Definition
14 species isolated from stomachs and upper intestines of humans, dogs, cats and other mammals |
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Term
Helicobacter produce large quantities of what? That is associated with what? |
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Definition
Large quantities of urease which (urea hydrolysis) is associated with virulence |
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Term
Helicobacter pylori causes |
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Definition
Gastritis and peptic ulcer disease |
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Term
Low G + C Gram + Bacteria are also known as |
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Definition
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Term
Characteristics of Low G + C Gram + (Firmicutes) |
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Definition
Gram +, some have no cell wall. Some make endospores |
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Term
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Definition
Large group of gram pos bacteria 2 order- bacillus and lactobacillales |
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Term
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Definition
For every genus there is a templar that is the most common |
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Term
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Definition
Used as a model organism for cellular differentiation, division and other processes. One of first to be sequenced. May have more than 10 integrated prophages or remarks of prophages. (Bacterial virus' nucleic acid) |
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Term
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Definition
Causative organism of food poisoning |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Bacillus thurigiensis and Bacillus sphaericus |
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Definition
Used ad insecticide. Have parasporal bodies that have a solid protein crystal that contains toxins |
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Term
Many bacilli can use what as carbon sources? |
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Definition
Complex biopolymers from plants and animals, sugars, amino acids or hydrocarbons as carbon sources. (Some species capable of antibiotic production, nitrogen fixation, dentrification, iron precipitation, selenium or maganese oxidation and chemolithoautotrophic growth have been isolated) |
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Term
Staphylococcus epiermidis |
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Definition
Forms white,small colonies on agar and is normally a non-pathogenic inhabitant of human skin and mucous membranes. can be responsible for endocarditis and for infections in wounds, surgical infections, UTI's and ICP's. |
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Term
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Definition
Found in nasal GI tract. Forms larger, yellow colonies that are often associated with pathogenic infections including sties. boils, pimples, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, meningitis and arthritis. Produces coaguluase (virulence factor) and alpha hemolysin |
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Term
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Definition
Currently classified as actionomycete. In order Bacillales, family thermoactinomycetaceae. Found in hot environments like compost piles |
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Term
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Definition
Disk shaped cells found in cow dung |
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Term
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Definition
4 Generea. All facultative anaerobes, nonmotile, gram + cocci. Common parasites of animals and some strains cause serious disease |
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Term
Major habitats of staphylococcus |
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Definition
SKin, skin glands, mucoud membranes (in mammals and birds) also have been isolated from oil contaminated trophical soil, growing on naphthalene |
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Term
Sth. aureus is a major cause of |
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Definition
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Term
Antimicrobial resistant staphylococci are resistant to |
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Definition
Methicillin and vancomycin the last resort drug. |
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Term
Which staphylococci is most antimicrobial resistant due to its high virulence factor? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Gram + bacilli, usually short. motile by peritrichous flagella. Non-capsule. Non-spore. Aerobic or facultative aerobes |
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Term
Some species of Listeria can multiply where? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the Listeria mode of entry into a phagocytic cell? |
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Definition
Zipper mechanism- spreads directly from cell to cell by actin-based intracellular movemements. |
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Term
Listeria contain a large number of transport proteins and many transcriptional regulators but usually do not contain |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Infects humans and animals causing meningitis in adults and, sepsis, prepostnatal infections and abortions |
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Term
All members of the class Clostridia are |
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Definition
Anaerobic, gram +, swollen endospore forming only in anaerbic conditions. (anaerobic versions of the genus bacillus) Energy producers |
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Term
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Definition
Only low G + C gram pos bacteria that are not curved |
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Term
Clostridum have a fermentative metabolism that allows them to |
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Definition
Ferment amino acids using sticklad reaction. Perform oxidation of one amino acid using another as an electron acceptor Ferment products responsible for unpleasant odors |
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Term
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Definition
Causes food spoilage (especially canned foods) botulism |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
Helps manufacture of butanol |
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Term
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Definition
Anaerobic, endospore formin, reduce sulfate and sulfite to h2S during anaerobic respiration. Stain gram - but electron micropgraph shows that it has a gram + cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
Have photosystems similar to green sulfur bacteria. |
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Term
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Definition
Gram negative cocci but are placed in the order clostridiales. Have complex nutritional requirements 0.3-2.5um big size fange |
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Term
What makes veilonella different from staphylococcus? |
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Definition
The fact that they are anaerobic and gram negative cocci |
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Term
Veilonella serve ad parasites for |
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Definition
Humans, ruminants (sheep, cow, anything that chews grass) Rodents Pigs |
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Term
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Definition
Non-motile, coccoid anerobic bacteria that obtain nutrients by breaking down celllulose that comes through the digestive system of the host organism |
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Term
Lactobacilli (aka lactic acid bacteria) |
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Definition
Order consisting of usually straight bacilli often in pairs or chains, nonsporing, usually nonmotile, fermentative (carbs), cytochrome lacking (no electron transport), gram +, almost all energy comes from the fermentation of glucose. |
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Term
When do lactobacillli produce lactate? |
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Definition
During homolactic fermentation about 85-90% of all carbs are converted to lactic acid. Generate ATp by subtrate level phosphorylation |
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Term
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Definition
Largest genus in the order lactobacillales. Grow best in acidic conditions 30-40 C (4.5-6.4) Associated with plant herbage (leaf portion) Have glycolytic pathway, dairy products, meat, water, sewage, beer |
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Term
Lactobacilli are port of the GI microflora. Which lactobacilli is the most common? |
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Definition
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Term
Lactobacillus are most commonly associated with |
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Definition
Fermented vegetable products (sauerkraut, pickles etc) and fermented beverages (Beer, wine etc) Sour dough bread Swiss cheese Yogurt Sausage Spoilage of beer, milk and meat |
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Term
Lactobacilli produce lactic acid which is essential for |
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Definition
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Term
Which Lactobacilli are considered to have probiotic use? |
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Definition
Lactobacillus and acidophilus (probiotics, such as bifidobacterium and yeasts, are live microorganisms that are ingested that may beneficially effect a host by improving the balance of intestinal microflora) |
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Term
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Definition
Genus of facultative gram + cocci that carry out heterolactic fermentation via phosphoketolase pathway. Produce acetic acid which is useful in the production of sauerkraut, pickles, butter, wine and cheeses. Involved in food spoilage, can tolerate high carb concentrations and will grow in heavy syrup |
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Term
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Definition
Genus of nonmotile, facultative anaerobes that are capable of homolactic fermentation. Inhabit the GI tract of humans. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Consumes sucrose and produces amino acid creating cavities. |
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Term
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Definition
Normal resident flora of the GI tract. Primarily found in feces. Related to bacillus and listeria species |
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Term
Enterococci can cause what in humans? |
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Definition
Diarrhea in humans. Some strains have become resistant to all antibiotics including vancomysin. Serious problem for ICP's and those who have underlying health conditions |
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Term
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Definition
Causes streptococcal sore throat, acute glomerulonephritis and rheumatic fever |
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Term
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Definition
Causative organism lobar pneumonia and otitis media |
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Term
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Definition
Oppurtunistic pathogen (UTI's and endocarditis) |
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Term
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Definition
Assists in the production of buttermilk |
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Term
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Definition
Consists of 5 orders and 6 families. Lack cell walls and are pleomorphic. They can't make peptidoglycan precursors and are penicillin resistant. Most nonmotile, some gliding motility. Smallest bacteria capable of self-reproduction (outside of another cell) |
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Term
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Definition
(Mollicutes)Reproduce by binary fission but cytoplasmic division may lag behind the genetic material replication making the mycoplasma appear to go through filamentous processes. Gram neg cocci or bacilli. No shape due to lack of cell wall. Smallest organism to be cultured on cell free media |
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Term
How many genes do mycoplasma have? |
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Definition
Less than 1000. Smallest amount of any prokaryote |
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Term
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Definition
Pleuro Pneumonia organism. Primary pathogens of cows, sheep and goats |
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Term
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Definition
Pleuro pneumonia like organism (old name for mycoplasma) isolated from dogs, pigs, rodents, birds and sewage |
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Term
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Definition
Wall-less form (organisms that have temporarily lost their cell walls) Gram neg osmotically fragile and pleomorphic. Cell wall fragments. Replicte (with typical colonial morphology). Turn into bacterial phase |
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Term
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Definition
Normal cell wall. Can be gram pos or neg. Goes next into transitional phase variant |
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Term
Transitional Phase Variant |
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Definition
Gram variable, pleomorphic, variable amount of cell wall material, unstable in culture. Can become sheroplasts or protoplasts |
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Term
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Definition
Gram neg, cell wall fragments, spherical, non replicating. Can either turn into protoplasts or go straight to the L-form |
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Term
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Definition
Gram neg, no cell wall fragments, very osmotically fragile/pleomorphic, non replicating. Go straight to L-form |
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Term
Mycoplasma can't turn into what type of bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the most efficient stain to use when observing mollicutes or mycoplasma? |
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Definition
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Term
What may mycoplasma contain in stage II growth |
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Definition
Filaments, making them appear as fungi. |
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Term
Mycoplasma are the smallest organisms to |
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Definition
Be cultured on cell free media. (0.2-0.9um) |
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Term
Mycoplasma takes in what from the environment and incorporates it into its lipid bi-layer? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the net surface charge of a mycoplasmal membrane |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Tiny mycoplasma that replicate by budding and branching. Result form predictable metabolic metabolic deficiencies. Can't degrade accumulating NH4 |
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Term
Mycoplasma can cause what? What is the incubation time? |
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Definition
Walking pneumonia 2-3 weeks |
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Term
What are some symptoms of walking pneumonia? |
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Definition
Fever, headache, malaise, persistent non-productive hacking cough. Respiatory symptoms appear somewhat later and persist for several weeks. Pharyngitis Chills Sweating Otitis media Pulmonary infiltration |
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Term
Walking pneumonia WBC count, RBC count and Sed rate |
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Definition
WBC- normal then decreased. Slightly neutrophilic. Lymphs in infiltrate RBC- Normal then decreased. Hemolytic anemia Sed rate- Decreased |
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Term
If media contains sulfate polysaccharides what effect will it have on mycoplasma? |
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Definition
It will inhibit them Media can be overcome with DEAE Dextron Solid media should be less than 1.5% agar |
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Term
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Definition
Used to rule in Mycoplasma Pneumonia |
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Term
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Definition
In U.S. and Canada mycoplasma is common in late winter and summer. Epidemics occur every 4-8 years. Spread by close contact via aerosolized droplets |
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Term
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae |
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Definition
First isolated by Koch in 1876. Causes Erysipeloid Insidiosa- a self-limiting disease |
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Term
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Definition
Characterized by red to purple lesions with smooth shiny surfaces. Lesions may expand into tiny blisters. May be warm and tender causing pain or burning. Occur most often on the hands, webs of fingers, forearms or any other exposed area of the body |
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Term
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Definition
Genus of non-motile, gram pos, nonsporulating, facultative anaerobe bacillus. Growth impaired by CO2. Occur in short chains, pairs. Enters host through scratches or puncture wounds on the surface of the skin. |
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Term
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Definition
Causative organism of acne |
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Term
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Definition
Phylum that contain: 1 class- Actinobacteria 5 subclasses 6 orders 14 suborders 44 families |
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Term
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Definition
A suborder of actinobacteria that are gram pos, found in soil, decompose organic material (important role), replenish nutrient supply in soil, important part of humus formation. Few pathogens, most aerobic, most nonmotile |
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Term
Actinomycineae developm filamentous cells known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
How do actinomycineae grow? |
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Definition
They can either grow on a substrate or into it to produce a substrate mycelium. Some can form aerial mycelium that extend above substratum |
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Term
An aerial mycelium forms expospores known as |
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Definition
Sporangiospores if they are located in a sporagium |
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Term
How can you distinguish actinomycineae? |
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Definition
Using morphology and color of the mycelium and sporangia Surface features and arrangement of spores %GC in DNA Cell membrane phospholipid compostion Heat resistance of spores |
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Term
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Definition
Genus that contains straight or slightly curved bacilli and slender filaments with true branching. May have swollen, clubbed or clavate ends Facultative or obligate aerobes Require CO2 for best grouwth Normal flora of mucosal surfaces of humans and other animals |
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Term
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Definition
Causes lumpy jaw in cattle |
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Term
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Definition
Anaerobic and most important human pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
Genus of aerobic, catalase-pos bacilli that occur in pairs, tetrads or irregular clusters. Usually non motile Often pigmented yello, orange or red |
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Term
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Definition
Genus of aerobic, catalase pos bacilli that possess respiratory metabolism (Lysine in peptidoglycan |
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Term
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Definition
Suborder of bacteria containing 7 families of gram pos bacilli that turn into gram neg |
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Term
Corynebacterium diphtheriae |
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Definition
Etological agent of diaphtheria and upper respiratory disease mainly affecting children. Facultatively anaerobic Highly contagious by physical contact or breathing the aerosolized secretions of infected individuals |
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Term
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Definition
Small, nonmotile, gram pos, internal dark staining beads with metachromatic granules, non-sporulating. Have club-like ends, are pleomorphic and chemoorganotrophs. isolated from soil, water, blood and human skin |
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Term
Corynebacteria are fastidious they grow |
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Definition
Slowly on enriched medium. due to their division cells often lie in clusters resembling Chinese letters. "Snapping division". |
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Term
Mycobacterium forms a family with |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Subject of research, 56 species now recognized. No branching, aerobic, nonsporing, acid-fast. can be fastidious and take 2 years to develop in culture. Neither gram pos or gram neg. naturally resistant to anti c.w. antibodies. Msost susceptible to clarithromycin and rifamycin. Some antibiotic resistant strains are known to exist. |
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Term
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Definition
Takes more than 20 days to proceed through one division cycle |
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Term
Mycobacterium cell wall contains |
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Definition
Outer lipids, mycolic acid, polysaccharides, peptidoglycan, plasma membrane and lipoarbinomannan |
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Term
Mycobacterium can colonize the host without |
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Definition
The host showing any adverse signs. Infections are very hard to treat due to their cell wall. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
What are ureaplasma inhibited by? |
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Definition
Thalliuma acetate Hydroxyurea Erythromycin Lincomycin |
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Term
What color are urease colonies on MgSO4 |
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Definition
Finely granular and brown due to urease activity |
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Term
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Definition
NGU (Not caused by gonnahrea ureathritis) Chromosomal aberations (Lymphocytes) UTI's from adsportion on sperm |
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Term
What are some factors that strengthen the mycoplasmal ultrastructure? |
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Definition
Unsaturated fatty acids Polyvalent cations Low temps Factors that weaken cell surface such as lipid solvents, alcohols, lipid emulsifiers, bio salts |
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Term
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Definition
Chemoorganotrophs. SOme produce ATP by glycolysis and lactic acid fermentation. Some catabolize amino acids |
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Term
Growth requirements of mycoplasma |
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Definition
10% horse serum 20-30% ascites fluid |
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Term
Under proper growth conditions mycoplasma form |
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Definition
Unbonate colonies with dense c3enters and fringe pero=iphery, fried egg colonies that are very small |
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Term
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Definition
Proposed as human pathogen and possible cofactor in HIV infection |
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Term
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Definition
Cause bovine pleuropneumoni in cattle |
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Term
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Definition
Can cause chronic respiratory issues in pigs or chickens |
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Term
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Definition
Causes pyelonephritis, pelvic inflammatory disease and postpartum fever |
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Term
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Definition
Originally isolated from ureathral specimens of 2 men with nongonococcal urethritis |
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Term
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Definition
Cause of primary atypical pneumonia |
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Term
What are two mycobacterial substrates? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the genome size of myco leprae? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the genome size of myco tuberculosis? |
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Definition
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Term
Slow growing strains of mycoplasma have how many copies of the rRNA gene? |
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Definition
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Term
Fast growing strains of mycoplasma have how many copies of the rRNA gene? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the genome size of E. coli? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Tuberculosis Hansen's disease |
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Term
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Definition
Genus of nonmotile, coccoid, gram neg bacteria (cell walls lack muramic acid and peptidoglycan) DOn't have genes for SLP, electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
Instead of muramic acid and peptidoglycan in their cell walls, Chlamydia have |
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Definition
Outer liposaccharide and cystein rich proteins |
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Term
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Definition
Formation of elementary body and reticulate body or initial body. Growth occurs in spurts possibly due to awaiting for the host cell to make sufficient ATP |
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Term
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Definition
0.3um and act as a rigid cell wall. They are relatively resistant to sonification and adapted for extracellular survival. Infectious if it comes in contact with bird or mammal cell. Bioenergetically dormant. |
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Term
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Definition
The elementary bodies of chlamydia convert to reticulate bodies (initial body) 0.5-1.0um Acts as a fragile cell wall that is sensitive to sonification and can be lysed by trypsin. They are adapted for intracellular growth. Not infectious. Have biosynthetic capabilities if they have the right precursors they can make amino acids |
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Term
Chlamydia acts as an energy parasite, obtaining ATP from |
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Definition
The host because it can't make its own |
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Term
What organism can cause Blennorrhea which is an eye infection |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Infects humans and mice. Causes trachoma, nongonococcal urethritis: NGU, and other diseases in humans. |
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Term
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Definition
Infects humans and many other animals. Causes psittacosis in humans |
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Term
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Definition
A common cause of human pneumonia |
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Term
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Definition
1 Class, 1 Order- Spirochaetales, 3 Genera. Spirochaetales- Borrelia, Leptospira, Treponema |
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Term
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Definition
Gram-negative bacteria with distinctive structure and motility. Slender, long with flexible helical shape. Creeping motility due to structure called axial filament. |
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Term
Where can spirochaetes be found? |
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Definition
Hindguts of termites. Digestive tracks of mollusks and mammals.Oral cavities of animals. |
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Term
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Definition
Long spirals, freee living and found sometimes in sewage treatment |
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Term
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Definition
Mollusk parasites 1-3um x 30-120um spirals. |
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Term
Trep. denticola, Trep. oralis |
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Definition
Found in the human oral tract |
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Term
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Definition
Found in syphilis Obligate parasite |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Causative organism of relapsing fever |
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Term
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Definition
Causative organism of Lyme disease. |
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Term
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Definition
Causative organism of trench mouth |
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Term
Genus Leptospira (Leptospiraceae) |
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Definition
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Term
Leptospira ictohemorrhagiae |
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Definition
Causative organism of Weil's Disease and infectious jaundice |
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Term
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Definition
Fiber digesting bacteria and are sometimes associated with the GIT of horses. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
With subspecies elongatus corrig |
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Term
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Definition
With subspecies succinogenes |
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Term
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Definition
Gram negative bacilli of various shapes.Do NOT form endospores. Motile (Peritrichous flagella) or nonmotile. Anaerobic chemoheterotrophs, Fermentative. Often found in oral cavity and intestinal tract of humans and other animals and rumen. Often benefit host by degrading complex carbohydrates, providing extra nutrition to host. May be up to 30% of bacteria from human feces. Some cause disease. |
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Term
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Definition
Outnumbers E. coli in human GIT 100:1 to 1000:1 |
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Term
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Definition
Morphologically diverse. Often have sphingolipids in cell walls. Many are motile by gliding motility. Most are free living; some are pathogenic in vertebrate hosts. |
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Term
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Definition
Slender bacilli, often with pointed ends. Aerobic metabolism. Degrade complex polysaccharides: cellulose, chitin, pectin, keratin, agar, etc. Play major role in mineralization of organic material. Significant component of bacterial population in sewage treatment plants. Most are free-living; some are pathogenic in vertebrate hosts. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Long, flexible threadlike cells when young. Colonies are often yellow to orange due to production of carotenoid or flexirubin pigments. Unable to use complex polysaccharides |
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Term
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Definition
Fruiting and nonfruiting aerobic chemoheterotrophs. Cyanobacteria, green non-sulfur bacteria, at least two gram-positive genera. Cells leave slime trail as glide along, can be very rapid Motility often lost with age Low nutrient levels usually stimulate gliding |
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Term
Gliding mechanism unknown but when does it occur? |
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Definition
It occurs when cells in contact with solid surface |
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Term
What does the gliding mechanism do? |
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Definition
It enables cells to encounter insoluble nutrient sources and digest them will cell bound digestive enzymes It also allows cells to position themselves optimally for light intensity, oxygen, h2S, temp, etc. |
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Term
When does gliding motility work best? |
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Definition
It works well in drier habitats (soil, sediments, rotting wood, etc.) |
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