Term
| Bug that caused the great plague in Vienna? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was the first to visualize microorganisms (anamacules)? |
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Definition
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Term
| First vaccine delivered by who? and for what? 18th century |
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Definition
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Term
| Theory of spontaneous generation? |
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Definition
| Organisms were generated form rotting organic material. |
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Term
| Theory of spontaneous generation disproved by who? How? |
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Definition
| Pasteur and Tyndall, using swan necked tubes, boil broth, remains sterile for many days. |
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Term
| Who first demonstrated the value of hygeine? |
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Definition
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Term
| Pasteurization developed by who? |
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Definition
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Term
| Lister - how did he improve surgical infections? |
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Definition
| Spraying antisepsis over the surgical field. |
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Term
| Wide spread use of this technique leads to eradication of illness and death caused by previously common infections ie. measels, diptheria |
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Definition
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Term
| Koch's postulates - used for what? What are the four postulates? |
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Definition
Used to establish if an organism is the cause of disease.
1. Same organism must be found in all cases of the disease
2. organism must be isolated and grown in pure culture.
3. Organisms from pure culture must reproduce the disease in a healthy susceptible animal.
4. organism must then again be isolated from infected animal. |
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Term
| Cocci - what shape, and two types? |
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Definition
| Ball. Strepto - chain, Staphylo - cluster. |
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Term
| Bacilli - what shape? Different types? |
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Definition
Rods.
Very short rods (almost spherical) - coccobacilli
curved rods - vibrio
spiral rods - spirochaetes |
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Term
| Filaments with branching are called? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Long slender, made of protein, whip like. |
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Term
| Flagella purpose? organization of flagella? |
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Definition
enable bacteria to move, rotating like a propeller.
single - monotrichous
multiple - peritrichous |
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Term
| Fimbrae - structure, what is their purpose? |
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Definition
| short and thin proteins. enable the bacteria to stick to things. |
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Term
| Pili - structure similar to? Function? |
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Definition
| Similar to fimbrae, involved in transfer of DNA between bacteria. |
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Term
| Bacterial Capsule - produced by cell using what? Function? |
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Definition
| Slime layer produced by the cell using polysaccharides, make organism look bigger and slippery, so it is harder to ingest :. harder to defend against. |
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Term
| Bacterial cell wall - different from that of fungi and plants. Made of ? Function? |
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Definition
| made of peptidoglycan (lattice structure with cross links), serves to maintain cell shape and integrity. |
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Term
| Uniqueness of the bacteria cell wall allows it to be targeted by? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do we use the cell wall for identification? |
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Definition
| Gram stains, different for Gram Pos and Gram neg. |
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Term
| Difference between Gram + and Gram - wall structure? |
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Definition
Gram pos - has thick peptidoglycan layer that traps the stain and no outer membrane.
Gram neg - has an outer membrane and a thin layer of peptidoglycan. |
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Term
| Cell membrane structure and functions? |
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Definition
Lipid bilayer with proteins.
Controls the entrance and exit of substance from the cell.
Contains enzymes involved in cell wall production, cellular metabolism and production of extra cellular materials (gram negative contains endotoxin). |
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Term
| Where does metabolism take place in the bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
| Ribosomes of the bacteria made of? Function? are they distinct from other organisms ribosomes? |
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Definition
| RNA and protein subunits (2), they are the structure where proteins are made. different from plant and animal ribosomes. |
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Term
| Bacterial chromosome - made of? How is it different from eukaryotic cells? |
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Definition
| Made of DNA, single long circular molecule of DNA not separated from the the cytoplasm (anucleate). |
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Term
| Plasmids - what are they? What is their purpose? |
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Definition
| small circular pieces of DNA, separate from chromosome, can be transferred between bacteria (can confer genes for ATBX resistance) |
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Term
| Inclusions - what are they? Function? |
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Definition
| granules int he cytoplasm, may act as storage of various substances. |
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Term
| Endospores - what are they? |
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Definition
| environmentally tough, dormant forms. |
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Term
| Do endospores grow or divide? How long can they survive? |
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Definition
| No they do not grow or divide, can remain viable for long periods of time. |
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Term
| Bacteria fall under which domain? and which kingdom? |
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Definition
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Term
Taxonomy based on need for O2:
Aerobic
Capnophilic
Facultative
Anaerobe
Microaerophilic |
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Definition
A - grows in air, obligate if it must have O2.
C - needs CO2
Facultative - grows in air and can grow without oxygen.
Ana - grows without oxygen, most do not grow well with O2 as it is toxic to them.
Micro - grows in low concentration of O2, but not in absence of air. |
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Term
| Staining organisms - what does it allow us to do? What happens to the organisms? |
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Definition
| Allows us to visualize using light microscopy, organisms are killed in the process. |
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Term
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Definition
| stain is applied and colours the organism - ex. methylene blue. |
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Term
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Definition
| stains may be combined, stain different structures. Giemsa stain - malarial parasites nucleus red and cytoplasm blue. |
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Term
| Gram stain - stains different organism based on which structure? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Crystal violet - stains all bacteria dark purple.
Iodine - binds to crystal violet and fixes it.
Alc/acetone - washes out of gram negative bacteria.
Safranin - stains gram negative bacteria pink. |
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Term
| Acid Fast Stain - uses? exampes? |
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Definition
| Some bacteria cannot be stained with gram stain. ex. Mycobacterium tuberculosis. |
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Term
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Definition
forces a red stain into cells. Wash out the stain with alcohol and acid. Restaining (counterstain with blue or green)
Acid fast organisms retain the red. Others are blue. |
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