Term
| all living things(single and multicellular) are made of? |
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Definition
| cells that share some common characteristics |
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Term
| what are the common characteristics that all cells share |
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Definition
Basic shape – spherical, cubical, cylindrical
Internal content – cytoplasm, surrounded by a membrane
DNA chromosome(s), ribosomes, metabolic capabilities |
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Term
| Eukaryotic cells: describe them |
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Definition
animals, plants, fungi, and protists
Contain membrane-bound organelles that compartmentalize the cytoplasm and perform specific functions
Contain double-membrane bound nucleus with DNA chromosomes |
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Term
| Prokaryotic cells: describe them |
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Definition
bacteria and archaea
No nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for Reproduction and heredity. composed of DNA packed in chromosomes; produce offspring sexually or asexually. |
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Term
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Definition
Growth and development
Metabolism – chemical and physical life processes
Movement and/or irritability – respond to internal/external stimuli; self-propulsion of many organisms
Cell support, protection, and storage mechanisms – cell walls, vacuoles, granules and inclusions
Transport of nutrients and waste |
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Term
| what are prokaryotic profiles |
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Definition
| Structures that are essential to the functions of all prokaryotic cells including a cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and one (or a few) chromosomes |
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Term
| what are the 2 major groups of appendages |
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Definition
Motility – flagella and axial filaments (periplasmic flagella)
Attachment or channels – fimbriae and pili |
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Term
| what is the function of flagella |
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Definition
| motility of cell through environment |
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Term
| describe the 3 parts of flagella |
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Definition
Filament – long, thin, helical structure composed of protein Flagellin
Hook – curved sheath
Basal body – stack of rings firmly anchored in cell wall |
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Term
| what are the flagella arrangements |
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Definition
| Monotrichous, lophotrichous, amphitrichous, peritrichous |
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Term
| describe the flagellar arrangements |
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Definition
Monotrichous – single flagellum at one end
Lophotrichous – small bunches emerging from the same site
Amphitrichous – flagella at both ends of cell
Peritrichous – flagella dispersed over surface of cell; slowest |
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Term
| how do flagellar responses guide bacteria in response to external responses |
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Definition
Chemical stimuli – chemotaxis; positive and negative
Light stimuli – phototaxis
this Signal sets flagella into rotary motion clockwise or counterclockwise:
Counterclockwise – results in smooth linear direction – run
Clockwise – tumbles |
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Term
| what are periplasmic flagella |
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Definition
Internal flagella, enclosed in the space between the outer sheath and the cell wall peptidoglycan
Produce cellular motility by contracting and imparting twisting or flexing motion |
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Term
| what are fimbrae? describe. |
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Definition
Fine, proteinaceous, hairlike bristles emerging from the cell surface
Function in adhesion to other cells and surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
Rigid tubular structure made of pilin protein Found only in gram-negative cells
Function to join bacterial cells for partial DNA transfer called conjugation |
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Term
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Definition
| Coating of molecules external to the cell wall, made of sugars and/or proteins |
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Term
| what are the 2 types of glycocalyx |
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Definition
Slime layer - loosely organized and attached
Capsule - highly organized, tightly attached |
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Term
| what are the functions of the glycocalyx |
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Definition
Protect cells from dehydration and nutrient loss
Inhibit killing by white blood cells by phagocytosis, contributing to pathogenicity
Attachment - formation of biofilms |
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Term
| what is the cell envelope |
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Definition
| External covering outside the cytoplasm |
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Term
| what are the 2 basic layers of the cell envelope |
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Definition
| Cell wall and cell membrane |
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Term
| what does the cell envelope do? |
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Definition
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Term
| what 2 different groups are demonstrated by the gram stain? |
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Definition
Gram-positive bacteria: thick cell wall composed primarily of peptidoglycan and cell membrane
Gram-negative bacteria: outer cell membrane, thin peptidoglycan layer, and cell membrane |
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