Term
|
Definition
| Join two molecules together (and are thus anabolic). Often use energy supplied by ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Split large molecules (and are thus catabolic) |
|
|
Term
| Another name for pyruvic acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use light energy (i.e. are photosynthetic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oxidize reduced chemical compound to obtain energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of chemotroph that oxidizes organic compounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of chemotroph that oxidizes inorganic compounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extract energy from light and store it in high energy compound like ATP |
|
|
Term
| Three ways you can undergo oxidation |
|
Definition
| 1) addition of oxygen 2) removal of hydrogens 3) removal of electrons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| obtain all of their Carbon from CO2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Require an organic Carbon source |
|
|
Term
| Which way of undergoing oxidation do prokaryotes use to digest inorganic compounds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| obtain energy by oxidizing some reduces inorganic compound (Fe 2+ to Fe 3+, NH3 to NO 2-) and their Carbon from CO2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Obtain their energy by photosynthesis and use CO2 as C source |
|
|
Term
| Give examples of photoautotrophic organisms |
|
Definition
| higher plants, eucaryotic algae, blue-green bacteria, some other photosynthetic bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| obtain all their energy by photosynthesis and use organic compounds as Carbon source |
|
|
Term
| Give examples of photoheterotrophic organisms |
|
Definition
| some photosynthetic bacteria and a few eucaryotic algae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Obtain all their energy by oxidizing reduced organic compounds and use the C skeleton of these compounds for biosynthesis of cell components |
|
|
Term
| Give examples of chemoheterotrophs |
|
Definition
| higher animals, protozoa, fungi, and most common bacteria |
|
|
Term
| What type of organisms can fix Nitrogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two types of Nitrogen fixers |
|
Definition
1) Free Living
2) Only fix N2 when in a symbiotic relationship with a higher plant |
|
|
Term
| What types of organisms are free-living N2 fixers? |
|
Definition
| Most blue-green bacteria, Azotobacter app., Clostridium spp. |
|
|
Term
| What types of organisms only fix N2 while in a symbiotic relationship with a higher plant? |
|
Definition
| Rhizobium or Bradyrhizobium infecting the roots of leguminous plants (soybeans, alfalfa) |
|
|
Term
| What two minerals are required in the largest amounts? |
|
Definition
| Sulfur (S) and Phosphorous (P) |
|
|
Term
| Why is Sulfur an important mineral? |
|
Definition
| It is found in two amino acids and also found in some coenzymes |
|
|
Term
| Where is Sulfur (a mineral required in a large amount) usually obtained? |
|
Definition
| From either sulfates or from sulfur containing amino acids |
|
|
Term
| Why is phosphate a mineral required in large amounts? |
|
Definition
Phosphate is needed to make phosphate for:
1) Nucleic Acids
2) Phospholipids
3) Energy storage compounds (ATP)
4) Some vitamins |
|
|
Term
| What are some minerals that are required in small amounts, either as cofactors or for other purposes? |
|
Definition
| Mg, Fe, Co, Zn, Mn, Mo, K |
|
|
Term
1) What is an organic growth factor?
2) What are some common examples of organic growth factors? |
|
Definition
1) Any organic compound that an organism needs and cannot make for itself
2) Common examples: amino acids, nitrogenous bases, and vitamins |
|
|
Term
| Why is Water an important nutritional requirement? |
|
Definition
| It serves as the solvent for all metabolic reactions and most cells are 70-90% water by weight |
|
|
Term
| What Normalitry of HCl is equivalent to a pH of 0? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Vitamin C an organic growth factor? |
|
Definition
| It is for humans, but not for rates because they can make Vitamin C by themselves |
|
|
Term
What is the term for a pH below 7.2?
What is the term for a pH above 7.4? |
|
Definition
below 7.2: acidosis
above 7.4: alkalosis |
|
|
Term
| What is the minimum, optimal, and maximum temperature that psychrophiles can function? |
|
Definition
| Minimum: -10C, Optimum: 10C, Maximum: 20C |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for psychrophiles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the minimum, optimal, and maximum temperature that mesophiles can function? |
|
Definition
| Minimum: 10C, Optimum 20-40C, Maximum 50C |
|
|
Term
| How can psychrophiles exist in such low temperatures? |
|
Definition
| They have antifreeze proteins |
|
|
Term
| What is the minimum, optimal, and maximum temperature that thermophiles can function? |
|
Definition
| Minimum: 45C, Optimum: 55-75C, Maximum: 80C |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a hyperthermophile? Describe the organism. |
|
Definition
Pyrolobus fumarii, grows on the walls of black smokers.
Optimal temp: 106C, Max: 113C, Min: 90C
-these organisms are also basophilic and can withstand autoclaving for 10 hours |
|
|
Term
What is the temp. of a fridge?
What does 20C correspond to?
What does 40C correspond to? |
|
Definition
Fridge: 4C
20C = slightly below room temp
40C = slightly above human temp (37C) |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a strict/obligate anaerobe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a microaerophilic compound |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name three toxic forms of reduced oxygen |
|
Definition
1) H2O2, hydrogen peroxide (least toxic)
2)O2 -, superoxide anion (toxic)
3) OH dot, hydroxyl radical, (most toxic), very reactive, can cause DNA mutations and no enzymes can get rid of this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Does not use oxygen but can survive in its presence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen, uses oxygen if it is present |
|
|
Term
| Give one example of an obligate/strict anaerobe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme protects organisms from hydrogen peroxide? |
|
Definition
| Catalase, convert H2O2 to water and O2 |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme protects organisms from superoxide anion |
|
Definition
| Superoxide dismutase converts O2 - to H2O2 and O2, produced by 100% of aerobic organisms, no anaerobes produce this |
|
|
Term
| One theory of aging involving oxygen |
|
Definition
| cumulative damage from toxic forms of oxygen over time causes damage and death to cells. This is why you take vitamin C (antioxidants) because they could help your body get rid of toxic forms of oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Halo = halogen (chloride is a halogen)
some archaebacteriaare obligate halophiles that require high NaCl concentrations for growth. They will not grow at concentrations below 10%, grow optimally at concentrations of 25%, can grow up to 30-35% (saturated solutions) |
|
|
Term
| Where do halophiles accumulate? |
|
Definition
| In tidal pools on the beach and in the Dead Sea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organisms adapted for growth at extreme depths in deep-sea environments; they can survive pressures of over a 1,000 times normal atm pressure and will burst if exposed to normal pressure (Pyrolobus fumarii) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Substrate level phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| Chemically modify a molecule to a higher energy state (by oxidation or dehydration) and transfer the energy to ADP to ATP. No oxygen needed (anaerobic process) |
|
|
Term
| Electron transport phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| ATP is generated by the passage of electrons through various intermediate electron carriers to a final electron acceptor, i.e. through an electron transport system. An intact biological membrane is required for this type of ATP generation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anaerobes usually use some organic molecule as final electron acceptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used by a few bacteria when they use other inorganic compounds besides oxygen as their final electron acceptor (NO3-, SO4 2-, CO3 2-) |
|
|
Term
| What does "respiration" indicate? |
|
Definition
| the use of an inorganic compound as the final electron acceptor |
|
|
Term
| Photosynthetic phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| the high energy electron comes from the excitation of a chlorophyll molecule by visible light. Final electron acceptor is chlorophyll. |
|
|
Term
| What part of the organism is photosynthetic phosphorylation associated with? |
|
Definition
| The cell membrane of photosynthetic prokaryotes and the inner chloroplast membrane of eukaryotic algae and higher plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the removal of hydrogens or electrons from reduced substrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzymes that catalyze reactions in which hydrogens are removed, needed for substrate-level phosphorylations and oxidative phosphorylations |
|
|
Term
| Vitamins that are used to make coenzymes that are required for dehydrogenases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the coenzyme forms of Niacin? |
|
Definition
| NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADP+(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two electrons and one proton (NADH + H) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is NAD+ used instead of NADPH + H? |
|
Definition
| NAD+ is usually used in oxidation reactions whereas NADPH + H is usually used as a source of reducing power in biosynthetic reactions |
|
|
Term
| Coenzyme forms of riboflavin |
|
Definition
| FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) and FMN (flavin mononucleotide) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzymes that contain either FAD or FMN derivatives in their active sites |
|
|
Term
T/F
Only strict anaerobes use anaerobic respiration |
|
Definition
| False, some strict anaerobes and facultative anaerobes can use anaerobic respiration |
|
|
Term
| 3 examples of anaerobic respiration |
|
Definition
1) SO4 2- to H2S
2) CO3 2- to CH4
3) NO3 - to NO2 - |
|
|
Term
| What type of bacteria can produce fuel through anaerobic respiration? |
|
Definition
| Methanogenic archaebacteria |
|
|
Term
| What types of electron transport mechanisms does E. coli utilize? |
|
Definition
| Aerobic respiration, fermentation, and anaerobic respiration using nitrite as final electron carrier |
|
|
Term
| 4 ways reduced coenzymes can be reoxidized |
|
Definition
| aerobic respiration, fermentation, anaerobic respiration, pass the protons and electrons off for use in biosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not attached to membranes |
|
|
Term
T/F
Glycolysis is found in all prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
|
Definition
| False, only in most, but not all |
|
|
Term
| Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place? |
|
Definition
| The cell membrane of prokaryotes and the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes |
|
|
Term
| Define and give an example of an amphibolic pathway |
|
Definition
| An amphibolic pathway is a metabolic pathway that can be used both catabolically and anabolically. One example is glycolysis |
|
|
Term
| How are the 2 ATPs in glycolysis generated? |
|
Definition
| Substrate level phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| How do different organisms reoxidize their reduced coenzymes? |
|
Definition
| Anaerobic organisms do it either through fermentation or anaerobic respiration, aerobic organisms do this using their ETS |
|
|
Term
| How many ATPs can an aerobic organism generate using fermentation? |
|
Definition
| 2 ATPs per glucose molecule |
|
|
Term
| What is the final electron carrier during fermentation? |
|
Definition
| Pyruvate or some derivative |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ori, a sequence of about 245 base pairs in E. coli |
|
|
Term
| How long is an RNA primer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can DNA ever be replicated without an RNA primer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What molecule removes RNA primers and replaces them with DNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What molecule synthesizes the vast majority of DNA during replication? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is included in a replisome? |
|
Definition
| helicase, primase, and two DNA pol III molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- for circular DNA
- two replication forks, one going clockwise and one going counter clockwise and meet at 6 o'clock, eventually separate
- normal way chromosomal replication takes place for prokaryotes |
|
|
Term
| Rolling Circle Replication |
|
Definition
| Another form of replication for circular chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| How many proteins does RNA polymerase have in it? |
|
Definition
| RNA polymerase is a multicomplex protein with 5 proteins within it |
|
|
Term
| Enzyme that removes formic acid from N- formyl methionine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Codon that codes for methionine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs in a prokaryote, transcription/translation can occur simultaneously |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complexes of mRNA and several ribosomes. Improves protein synthesis efficiency |
|
|
Term
| a segment of DNA molecule that codes for the production of an RNA molecule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Code for mRNAs, which in turn code for protein molecules |
|
Definition
|
|
