Release of histamine from certain tissue cells is triggered by the reaction of antigen with specific _______ attached onto the cell surface.

- IgA

- IgG

- IgE

- none of the above

The most common type of inherited immunoglobulin deficiency is to:

- IgA

- IgD

- IgE

- IgG

- IgM

A child eats a peanut butter sandwich and experiences respiratory distress within minutes and lapses into unconsciousness. This reaction is most probably mediated by:

- IgE

- IgG

- sensitized T cells

- IgM

A substance that is capable of eliciting an immune response and of reacting specifically with the products of the response is a/an:

- adjuvant

- complete antigen

- hapten

- immunogen

- both B and D

both B and D

(complete antigen and immunogen) 

Which of the following are the most antigenic (best antigens)?

- carbohydrates

- lipids

- nucleic acids

- proteins

B-Lymphocytes mature (are "programmed") in the:

- bone marrow

- intestine

- liver

- thymus

The cells that actually produce antibodies are:

- B-cells

- T-helper Cells

- plasma cells

- natural killer cells

The primary (most abundant) immunoglobulin in the circulation is:

 - IgA

- IgD

- IgE

- IgG

- IgM

The first antibody to be produced following activation of B-lymphocytes is:

another name for antibody-mediated immunity is:

- cell-mediated immunity 

- humoral immunity 

- nonspecific immunity 

- none of the above

The protein which "completes" an incomplete antigen is a/an?

- adjuvant

- carrier

- epitope

- hapten 

The primary B cell receptor is

- IgA

- IgD

- IgE

- IgG

- IgM

Vaccination is synonymuous with _________ immunity

- natural active

- natural passive

- artifical active

- artifical passive

Which immunoglobulin crosses the placenta?

- IgA

- IgD

- IgE

- IgG

-IgM

What is the immunoglobulin found in secretions?

- IgA

- IgD

- IgE

- IgG

- IgM

The immunoglobulin found in allergic reactions is:

- IgA

- IgD

- IgE

- IgG

- IgM

The primary, protective immunoglobulin which you develop following immunization against hepatitis B virus is:

 Ig___?

Antibodies transmitted from a mother to her infant either in utero or via breast milk convey ________ immunity.

- natural active

- natural passive

- artifical active 

- artifical passive

Haptens or incomplete antigens are NOT able to ______ unless coupled to a carrier molecule:

- initiate an immune response

- respond to the products of the immune response

-  both A and B

- neither A nor B

Lysozyme, lactoferrin, and transferrin are considered to be a part of the  ______ host defenses

- nonspecific (inate immunity)

- specific (humoral immunity) 

- specific (cell-mediated immunity)

- none of the above

Which of the following applies to IgM?

- first antibody produced during the humoral response

- largest immunoglobulin 

- can bind to 10 antigenic determinant sites

- all of the above

- A and C only

The portion of an immunoglobulin which binds to a specific antigen is the:

- Fab portion

-Fc portion

- both A and B

- neither A nor B

Which of the following is NOT a component of cell-mediated immunity (CMI)?

- lymphocytes

- plasma cells

- T-helper cells

- cytotoxic T-cells

- all of the above are components

Antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity are both characterized by:

- specificity 

- memory

- both A and B

- neither A nor B

A person with a defect in cell-mediated immunity is most prone to develop _______ infections.

- bacterial

- fungal

- viral

- both B and C

- A, B, and C

Which class of antibody is found in secretions such as saliva, tears, breast milk, and mucus?

Ig____?

The effector molecules of the cell-mediated immune response are:

- antibodies

- complement

- cytotoxins

- lymphocytes

When antibodies bind to a virus or to toxins and inhibit or inactivate them, this is referred to as:

- complement fixation

- hemagglutination

- inflammation

- neutralization

-opsonization

Following the disease chickenpox, a normal healthy child develops _________ immunity.

- artifical active

- natural active

- artifical passive

- natrual passive

If a person is exposed to a disease and is then given immune globulin to prevent infection, this conveys which type of immunity?

- artifical active

- natural active

- artifical passive

- natural passive

The MAJOR PRODUCT of the humoral immune response is:

- activated B-cells

- activated T-cells

- antibodies

- lymphokines

- mempry cells

Plasma Cells are activated:

- B lymphocytes

- T lymphocytes

- macrophages

- natural killer cells

- none of the above

The most important immunoglobulin in the gingival sulcus would be:

Ig___?

Which of the following characteristics applies to IgA?

- activated complement

- dimeric form in secretions

- secretory phase

-both B and C only

- A, B, and C

Immunoglobulin primarily associated with allergic reactions is:

Ig____?

To be immunogenic, a molecule must normally be all of the following EXCEPT:

- foreign to the self

- large

- have a simple structure

- degradeable

The purpose of the T-cell receptor on the surface of activated T cells is to:

- bind complement

- recognize specific antigens

- interact with antibodies

- recognize activated B cells

An anamnestic immune response occurs:

- only in individuals with allergies 

-only in response to self-antigens

- with the first exposure to a specific antigen

- on subsequent exposures to an antigen, e.g. after the first. 

Small molecules such as penicillin are classified as incomplete antigens because they lack the ability to ________ without the help of an antigenic carrier molecule.

- induce an immune response

- react specifically with the produces of the immune response 

- both A and B

- neither

the actual molecular sturcture of an antigen which reacts with antibodies is an:

- antigenic determinant

- epitope

- both A and B

-neither

Which of the following applies to IgM?

- first antibody produced during humoral response

-largest immunoglobulin 

- can bind to 5 antigenic determinant sites

- all of the above

- both A and B only 

Cytotoxic T-Cells are important in controlling ___________

- allergic reactions

- autoimmune responses

- bacterial infections

- viral infections

The primary, protective immunoglobulin which you develop following immunization against hepatitis B virus is:

Ig____?

The immunity that develops following a microbial infection is:

- artifical active

- artifical passive

- natural active

- natural passive

To be immunogenic, the molecule must be recognized as ________.

- foreign

- of sufficient size

- structurally complex

- degradeable

- all of the above

the portion of the antigen which interacts with antibodies and T-cell receptors (TCR's) is known as the

- antigenic determinant

- epitope

- carrier

- hapten

- both A and B

Antibody - mediated immunity is sometimes referred to as:

- cell-mediated immunity

- receptror immunity

- B cell immunity 

- humoral immunity

Antibody-mediated immunity (also known as humoral immunity) involes:

- T cells

- B cells

- PNS's

- Lymphocytes 

When B cells are activated they are called ___________ and they secrete ________.

Cell-mediated immunity involves:

- B cells

- T cells

- PMS's

- Monocytes

The clones of these cells are "equipped" or "programmed" to respond to a single antigen by virtue of antigen receptors on their surface. 

- T cells

- B cels

- Lymphocytes

- PMN's

Which of the following have surface antigens called CD receptors such as CD4 or CD8?

- T cells

- B cells

- PMN's 

- macrophages

________ respond more specifically to antigens presented by Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

________ ONLY respond to antigens presented by APCs.

B cells

T cells

Foreign antigens are associated with cell surface antigens on the APC surface known as:

- T cells

- Immunoglobulin

- plasma cells

- major histocompatibility antigens (MHC) 

major histocompatibility antigens (MHCs)

Binds antigens produced within cells (proteins made during viral infections).

The display of a foreign antigen coupled with this targets the cell for destruction by cytotoxic T cells.

Binds antigens made outside of human cells (proteins produced by bacteria)

The display of foreign antigens coupled with this does not target the cell for destruction, but activates T cells to produce cytokines which recruit and activate other cells of the immune system to elimnate the foreign antigen. 

The major antigen-presenting cell

- Lysozyme

- MHC

- Macrophage

- Neutrophil

These have antigen receptors (antibodies) on their surfaces which respond to specific antigens

Each clone of a B cell responds to a specific ___________?

- antigen

- epitope

- antigenic determinant

-enzyme

- both B and C

- all of the above

B cells that dont become plasma cells become ________, which are responsible for the secondary immune response when the same antigen again is recognized.

Part of the antibody or immunoglobulin that binds the antigen.

2 of these per molecule

The primary immunoglobulin of the circulation, it readily passes through vessel walls into tissues, the only antibody that can cross the placenta.

Immunogloublin foun din external secretions including saliva and breast milk.

the major immunoglobulin protecting body surfaces 

The first immunoglobulin formed in response to an antigen. 

Immunoglobulin that appears to play a role in lymphocyte activation and supression.

receptor on B cells

Immunoglobulin that is present in the blood in low numbers, but is elevated in individuals with allergic reactions.

Initiates an inflammatory response by binding to mast cells and basophils.

Immunogenic memory refers to the ability of the immune system to:

-recognize millions of differnent antigens

- react with millions of different antigens

- migrate from the blood vessels into the tissue

- recall a previous immune response

Cytotoxic T cells are important in controlling _________.

- allergic reactions

- autoimmune responses

- bacterial infections

- viral infections 

The imunoglobulin, when present in saliva, is in the form of a _________

- monomer

- dimer

- trimer

- pentamer

An immunological response to which of the following is least likely to result in harm to the host?

- a microbial pathogen

- self antigens

- an allergen

Memory cells play a significant role in the:

- primary immune response

- secondary immune response

- anamnestic response

- both B and C

- none of the above

CD4+ T cells are characteristically:

- known as cytotoxic T cells

- known as helper T cells

- unable to produce cytokines

- not responsive to vaccine injections

Which of the following plays a key role in both the cell-mediated and the antibody mediated immune response?

- B cell

- cytotoxic T cell

- helper T cell

- plasma cell

- suppressor T cell

Cytotoxic T cells:

- bear the CD4 cell surface marker

- release killer antibody molecules

- are not antigen-specific

- recognize and destory virus-infected and tumor cells

Foreign antigens present on host cells also bearing MHC class I molecules (antigens) target the cell for destruction by:

- B cells

- cytotoxic T cells

- killer cells

- macrophages

cytotoxic T cells

The purpose of T cell receptors on the surface of activated T cell is to:

- bind complement

- recognize specific antigens

- interact with antibodies

- recognize activated B cells

Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes function primarily in _________ immunity and are classified as _____ cells

- innate/Th1

- humoral/CD4

- humoral/CD8

- cellular/CD4

- cellular/CD8

Which of the following cytokines increase in periodontitis, are secreted by T-helper cells, and play a major role in the immune response?

- IL-1

-IL-2

- IL-4

- both A and B

- both B and C

Which of the following cytokines, secreted by phagocytic cells, are endogenous pyrogens?

- IL-1

- TNF

- both A and B

- neither A nor B

Which of the following is MOST IDENTIFIABLE as an antigen-processing cell (APC)?

- B lymphocyte

- cytotoxic T-lymphocyte

- macrophage

- plasma cell

- Th1 lymphocyte

An antigen that can activate B cells directly without involvement of T-helper cells is a/an:

- adjuvant

- hapten

- T-dependant antigen

- T- independant antigen

- none of the above

Which of the following is NOT a component of cell-mediated immunity (CMI)?

- lymphokines

- plasma cell

- T-helper cell

- cytotoxic T-cell

- all of the above

 plasma cell

The end result of complement activation is:

- disruption of the cell membrane

- phagocytosis of the cell

- secretion of enzymes by the cell

- none of the above

Which of the following is NOT a part of the inflammatory response?

- itching

- pain

- redness

- swelling

- warmth

An enzyme found in saliva and tears which destroys bacterial cell walls is:

- bacteriocin

- catalase

- hyaluronidase

- interferon

- lysozyme

The basic structure of an immunoglobulin consists of:

- 2 peptide chains

- 4 peptide chains (2 heavy and 2 light)

- 6 peptide chains (2 heavy and 4 light)

- 20 peptide chains (10 heavy and 10 light) 

- none of the above

Lipopolysaccharide activates the _________ complement pathway.

- classical

- alternative

- both A and B

- neither A nor B

The first phagocytic cells observed during an inflammatory response are:

- macrophages

- monocytes

- PMN's (neutrophils) 

- none of the above

Chemicals that cause fever are referred to as:

- heatniks

- pyogens 

- pyrogens

-thermogens

The classical component pathway is activated by:

- antigen-antibody complexes

- histamine

- lipopolysaccharides

- lysozymes

- peptidoglycan

Which of the following refers to pain?

- calor

- dolar

- rubor

- tumor

Which of the following blood cells function primarily as phagocytes?

- basophils

- eosinophils

- lymphocytes

- neutrophils

Substances produced by one bacterial species which inhibit another bacterial species are:

- antibodies

- bacteriocins

- interferon

- interleukins

The redness associated with inflammation is due to:

- breakdown of RBC's

- histamine release

-  increased blood flow

- increased metabolism

Which of the following is NOT a usual component of pus?

- body fluids

- cellular debris

- dead bacteria

- dead phagocytic cells

- red blood cells

Which of the following is not involved in oxygen-dependent killing by phagocytic cells?

- hydrogen peroxide

- hypochlorate

- lysozyme

- superoxide anion

Histamine is released during the degranulation of:

- B lymphocytes

- plasma cells

- marcophages

- mast cells

- T lymphocytes

The classical component pathway is activated by:

- antigen-antibody complexes

- histamine

- lipopolysacharide

-lysozyme

-peptidoglycan

The first line of defence against microbial infection by many microorganisms with which we come in contact is:

- bacteriocins produced by normal flora 

-complement  - mediated lysis

- intact human skin

- phagocytosis by macrophages

Complement facilitates phagocytosis by:

- opsonization of bacterial cells

- chemoattraction of phagocytic cells

- both A and B

-neither

When activated, complement proteins:

- lyse bacterial cells

- enhance phagocytosis of bacterial or fungal cells

- attract phagocytic cells

- trigger inflammation

- all of the above

Complement is a normal component of:

- secretions

- blood

- bone marrow

- both A and B

- A, B, and C

lysosomal enzymes and defensins are responsible for the antimicrobial activity of:

-macrophages

- PMN's

- monocytes

- mast cells

- cytotoxic T-cells

Which of the following lymphocytes plays a key role in both the cell-mediated and the antibody-mediated immune response?

- B cell

- cytotoxic T cell

- helper T cell

- plasma cell

- supressor T cell

Complement facilitates phagocytosis by:

- opsonization of bacterial cells

- chemoattraction of phagocytic cells

- both A and B

- neither A nor B

The iron binding protein found in saliva is:

The first effective vaccine was produced by _________ when he used cowpox to immunize a child against smallpox.

Immunity that occurs with administration of immune serum globulin to an individual. The antibodies were produced in another individual following disease or immunization.

- natural active

- artifical active

- natural passive

- artifical passive

Type of vaccine preperation in which the mucrobe is killed, but still antigenic

the consequence of a person developing his own immune response to a microbe

-natural active

-artifical active

- natural passive

- artifical passive

the consequence of one person recieveing a performed immunity made by another person

- natural active

- natural passive

- artifical active

-artifical passive

the consequence of a person developing his own immune response to a microbe which is produced purposefully through medical procedures (vaccine)

- natural active

- natural passive

- artifical active

- artifical passive

the consequence of one person recieveing a performed immunity made by another person that is produced on puurpose through medical procedures.

- natural active

- natural passive

- artifical active

- artifical passive

hydrochloric acid

HOCL

an endogenous protein that increases bone loss, activates CD4 cells, increases PPD, and is secreted by macrophages, PMNs and B cells:

- IL-1

- IL-2

- TI-4

- TI- 3

precursors to macrophages:

- PMNs

- Leukocytes

- Monocytes

- Cytokines

substances that produce acid are known as:

saliva, tears, urine

 an endogenous pyrogen that is secreted by macrophages and CD4 cells and can activate osteoclasts (bone loss)
-

induce IL-2
- leads to PDD

formed by cytotoxic t cells
- attack protein of target cells (apoptosis)

- bind antigens made outside human cells (proteins produced by bacteria)
- may be processed by APCs

MHC class II

MHC class 1 DESTROYS, MHC class II recruits

- TB
- adenovirus
- MMR
- varicella/zoster
- yellow fever

The membrane attack complex is the end reslut of:

- antibody production

- complement activation

- chemotaxis

- phagocytosis

The basic immunoglobulin structure is of:

- 2 heavy and 2 light peptide chains linked together by disulfide bonds

- 2 heavy and 2 light peptide chains ilnked together by peptide bonds. 

- 4 heavy and 2 light peptide chains linked together by peptide bonds

Interferon -a and interferon -B commonly produced in response to ___________ infections.

- bacterial 

- fungal

- viral

- worm

Which of the following does NOT apply to interleukin-2  (IL-2)

- secreted by T cells

- activation of macrophages

- increases in periodontisis

- stimulates inflammation

- part of the innate immune response

All of the following apply to cytokines EXCEPT:

- produced transiently in response to antigen

- act at or near the site where they are secreted

- each cytokine has a sngle biological action.

- multiple cytokines share the same or similar actions.  

A substance capable of eliciting an immune response and of reacting specifically with the products of the response is a/an

- complete antigen 

- hapten 

- immunogen

- A, B, and C

- both A and C only 

Class I MHC antigens are found on all host cells except RBCs. When associated with foreign antigens produced within the cell, they target the cell for:

- antibody production

- complement fixation reaction

- destruction by cytotoxic T cells

- production of cytokines

The portion of the antigen which interacts with antibodies and T-cell receptors (TCRs) is the:

- antigenic determinant

- epitope

- Both A and B

- Neither A nor B

the enzyme found in saliva and tears that cleaves B-1,4 linkages of the peptidoglycan backbone is:

- amylase

- lysozyme

- protease

- None of the above

Oxygen-independent killing in the phagolysosome of a phagocytic cell usually involves:

- hypochlorous acid

- hydrogen peroxide

- nitric acid

- superoxide ion

- various enzymes

Swelling associated with the inflammatory response directly results from:

- increased blood flow

- increased capillary permeability 

- migration of cells out of the blood vessels

- release of bradykinin and prostaglandins

Complement facilitates phagocytosis by:

- opsinization of bacterial cells

- chemoattraction of phagocytic cells

- both A and B

- Neither A nor B

The predominant class of immunoglobulin in the blood of a human newborn is:

- IgA

- IgD

- IgE

- IgG

- IgM 

The cardinal signs of inflammation are:

- erythema, edema, pain, and elevated temperature

- erythema, edema, elevated temperature, and itching

- pain, redness, swelling, and itching

- pain, redness, swelling, and pus

erythema, edema, pain, and elevated temperature

Which of the following cytokines increase in periodontitis, are secreted by T-helper cells, and play a major role in the immune response?

- IL-1

- IL-2

- IL-4

- both A and B

- both B and C

Which of the following features applies to IgM?

- first antibody produced during humoral response

- posesses a J chain

- can bind to 10 antigenic determinant sites

- all of the above

- both A and C only 

Cytotoxic T cells:

- have CD8 cells surface markers

- release killer antibody molecules

- are not antigen specific

recognize and destroy virus-infected and tumor cells

- two of the above

two of the above

a and d

The component of sIgA which helps protect it from proteases is

- disulfide bond

- Fab

-Fc

- J chain

- secretory piece

Activated T cells secrete:

- antibodies

- lymphokines

- both A and B

- neither A nor B

the effectors (products) of humoral immunity are:

- antibodies

- cytokines

- interleukins

- perforin

Activated B cells are:

- helper cells

- natural killer cells

- plasma cells

- none of the above

T-helper cells have which type of CD receptors?

- CD2

- CD4

- CD5

- CD6

- CD8

Natural killer cells function most like:

- T-helper cells

- cytotoxic T-cells

- plasma cells

- supressor cells

That each cytokine has multiple biological actions (differnet effects on different cells) is known as:

- anamnestic

- pleiotropism

- redundancy

- sensitization

Characteristics of attenuated vaccines include all of the following EXCEPT:

- cannot cause disease

- immune response most like that resulting from natural infection

- microbe has reduced virulence

- microbe multiplies in the host

- all of the above are true of attenuated vaccine

Which of the following does NOT apply to interleukin-2 (IL-2) 

- secreted by Th1 cells

- activation of macrophages

- increases periodontisis

- stimulates inflammation 

- part of the innate immune response

Oxygen-independent killing in the phagocytic cell usually involves:

- hypochlorous acid

- hydrogen peroxide

- nitric acid

- superoxide ion

- various enzymes

Swelling associated with the inflammatory response directly results from:

- increased blood flow

- increased capillary permeability 

- migration of cells out of the blood vessels

- release of bradykinin and prostaglandins

The predominant class of immunoglobulin in the blood of a human newborn is:

- Ig____?

Which of the following cytokines increase in periodontitis, are secreted by T-helper cells, and play a major role in the immune response?

- IL-1

- IL-2

- IL-4

- both A and B 

- both B and C

both B and C

(IL-2 and IL-4) 

Which of the following features applies to IgM?

- first antibody produced during humoral response 

- possesses a J chain

- can bind to 10 antigenic determinant sites

- all of the above

- both A and B only 

The component of sIgA which helps protect it form proteases is:

- disulfide bonds

- Fab

- Fc

- J chain

- secretory piece

Activated T cells secrete:

- antibodies

- lymphokines

- Both A and B

- Neither A nor B

Characteristics of attenuated vaccines include all of the following EXCEPT:

- cannot cause disease

- immune response most like that resulting from natural infection

- microbe has reduced virulence

- microbe multiplies in the host

- all of the above are true