Term
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Definition
-5 to 15 degrees Celsius
important in food spoilage |
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Term
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Definition
20 to 30 degrees Celsius
found in Artic and Antartic regions |
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Term
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Definition
25 to 45 degrees Celsius
HUMANS!
disease causing |
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Term
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Definition
45 to 70 degrees Celsius
found in hot springs |
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Term
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Definition
70 to 110 degrees Celsius
usually members of Archaea
modified cytoplasmic membranes to make them more rigid
protein sequences that resist unfolding |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| prokaryotes are divided based on ??? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
absolute requirement for oxygen
(ex: Nocardia species, Micrococcus sp.) |
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Term
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Definition
no multiplication in presence of oxygen
(ex: Clostridium) |
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Term
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Definition
use fermentation in absence of oxygen
(ex: E. coli, Saccharomyces sp.) |
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Term
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Definition
Require oxygen in lower concentrations
(ex: Helicobacter pylori) |
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Term
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Definition
Indifferent to oxygen, grow with or without
(ex: Streptococcus pyrogenes) |
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Term
| In high salt environments: |
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Definition
-bacteria increase internal solute concentration
-osmotolerant bacteria tolerate high salt environments
-bacteria that need high salt concentration for cell growth= halophiles |
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Term
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Definition
| Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur,phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium and iron |
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Term
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Definition
| Use organic carbon as nutrient source |
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Term
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Definition
Use inorganic carbon (CO2) as carbon
source |
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Term
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Definition
Cobalt, zinc, copper, molybdenum and
manganese |
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Term
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Definition
| requires nutrients found in hemolyzed chocolate agar |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that require many factor requirements |
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Term
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Definition
| derive energy from sunlight |
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Term
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Definition
| derive energy from chemical compounds |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| use inorganic carbon for energy and CO2 for source |
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Term
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Definition
| energy from sunlight and carbon from organic compounds |
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Term
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Definition
-use organic compounds for energy source AND carbon source
-ex: humans and animals |
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Term
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Definition
-variety of ingredients
-ex: blood agar, chocolate agar, nutrient broth |
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Term
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Definition
-composed of precise amounts of pure chemicals
-not practical for routine lab use!
-invaluable in research b/c results are chemically identical! |
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Term
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Definition
-inhibits growth of unwanted organisms
-increases the chance of isolating organism of interest |
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Term
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Definition
| -selective media used for Neisseria GONORRHEA |
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Term
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Definition
| selective media used for GRAM NEGATIVE bacteria |
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Term
| Cell Mass can be determined through |
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Definition
| TURBIDITY, total weight, and amounts of cellular chemical constituents |
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Term
| A VIABLE cell counts methods include: |
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Definition
| plate counts, membrane filtration, and MPNs!!!! |
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Term
| What is a plate counts ideal number? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are a few plate count methods? |
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Definition
| pour plate and spread plate |
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Term
| What are the physical control mechanisms of microbial control? |
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Definition
| heat, irradiation, filtration, and mechanical removal |
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Term
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Definition
-removal of ALL microorganisms
-free of ALL microbes, endospores, and viruses!!! |
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Term
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Definition
| used on inanimate objects and surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-brief heat treatment used to reduce organisms that cause food spoilage
-can also be used on surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
| treatment to reduce pathogens to a level that is considered "safe" |
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Term
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Definition
| implies a substantially reduced microbial population (not a specific level) |
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Term
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Definition
| process used to delay spoilage of perishable items |
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Term
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Definition
-agents that kill vegetative cells not endospores
-ex: antibiotics and heat |
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Term
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Definition
-agents or conditions that dramatically SLOW the multiplication of micro-organisms
-ex: refrigeration, removal of nutrients, salting |
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Term
| What is an ideal method of effective antimicrobial procedure? |
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Definition
| IT DOES NOT EXIST!!!!!!!! |
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Term
| endospores are resistant to: |
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Definition
| heat, drying and numerous chemicals |
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Term
| protozoan cysts and oocysts are: |
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Definition
| excreted in feces and cause diarrheal disease |
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Term
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Definition
| CELL WALL STRUCTURE initiates resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| can grow in presence of many chemical disinfectants |
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Term
| What happens to an active protein after it is heated to 100 degrees Celsius??? |
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Definition
| it becomes inactive and denatured |
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Term
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Definition
-destroys through IRREVERSIBLE coagulation of proteins
-ex: boiling, Pasteurization, pressurized steam |
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Term
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Definition
-(100 degrees Celsius)destroys most microorganisms and viruses
-NOT effective sterilization
-does NOT destroy endospores |
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Term
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Definition
-FIRST used to avoid spoilage of wine
-does NOT sterilize but significantly reduces organisms
-used to increase shelf life! |
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Term
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Definition
-protocol method of pasteurization where it's heated to 72 degrees Celsius for 15 seconds
-hint: HTST="Heat To Seventy-Two" |
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Term
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Definition
| -Pasteurization method where its heated to 140-150 degrees Celsius for a few seconds and then rapidly cooled. |
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Term
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Definition
-used to sterilize using pressurized steam
-preferred method of sterilization!!! |
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Term
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Definition
| -achieves sterilization @ 121 degrees Celsius, 15 psi, in 15 minutes |
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Term
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Definition
| -sterilizes at 135 degrees Celsius, 15 psi, in 3 minutes! |
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Term
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Definition
| used to remove microbes from fluids and air |
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Term
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Definition
-used for heat sensitive fluids
-depth filters trap microbes using electrical charge |
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Term
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Definition
-High Efficacy Particulate Air
-removes nearly ALL microbes from air using .3 um pores in filter |
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Term
| Types of ionizing radiation? |
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Definition
| gamma, xrays, electron acceleration |
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Term
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Definition
-causes damage to DNA
-used to sterilize "heat sensitive" materials
-effective against SALMONELLA AND PSUEDOMONAS!!! |
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Term
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Definition
-NON-ionizing radiation!
-ONLY type to DESTROY microbes directly
-damages DNA causing Thymine dimers
-thin films or covers can limit effect |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Chemicals that react with proteins: |
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Definition
| alcohols, aldehydes, halogens, metals, ozone, peroxygens, phenolics |
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Term
| chemicals that react with DNA= |
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Definition
| ethylene oxide and aldehydes |
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Term
| chemicals that react with cell membrane= |
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Definition
| biguanides, phenolics, quats |
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Term
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Definition
| ALL micro-organisms!!!!!!! |
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Term
| what are alcohols' mode of action when used as control??? |
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Definition
-coagulate proteins and enzymes
-damage to lipid membranes |
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Term
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Definition
-made from formaldehyde
-used to kill bacteria and inactivate viruses
- used for specimen preservation |
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Term
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Definition
| destroy organisms by inactivating proteins and DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| MOST WIDELY used liquid STERILANT!!! |
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Term
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Definition
-chlorhexidine is MOST effective
-low toxicity
-used in antiseptics |
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Term
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Definition
-gaseous sterilant
-heat or moisture sensitive items
-mutagenic and possibly carcinogenic |
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Term
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Definition
-aka: carbolic acid
-one of earliest disinfectants
-active ingredient in LYSOL!!! |
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Term
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Definition
-cationic detergents
-NONtoxic
-remove surface tension on cell |
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Term
| Who discovered Penicillin? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| Who isoliated Streptomyocin from Streptomyces griseus? |
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Definition
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