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Micro Chpt. 7 Microbial Nutrition - 2013
Micro Chpt. 7 Microbial Nutrition - 2013
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Microbiology
Undergraduate 1
02/11/2013

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Term
The source of the necessary elements of life is ?
Definition
An inoorganic environmental reservoir.
Term
An organism that can synthesize all its required organic components from CO 2 using energy from the sun is a ?
Definition
Photoautotroph.
Term
Chemoautotrophs can survive on ___ alone.
Definition
Minerals and CO 2
Term
Which of the following statements is true for all organisms?
Definition
The require inorganic nutrients.
Term
A pathogen would most accurately be descibed as a ?
Definition
Parasite.
Term
Which of the following is true of passive transport?
Definition
It requires a gradient.
Term
A cell exposed to a hypertonic environment will ___ by osmosis ?
Definition
Lose water.
Term
Psychrophiles would be expected to grow ?
Definition
At refrigeration temperatures.
Term
Superoxide ion is toxic to strict anaerobes because they lack ?
Definition
Dismutase.
Term
In a viable plate count, each ____ represents a _____ from the sample population ?
Definition
A.) Colony B.) Cell
Term
True/False Active transport of a substance across a membrane requires a concentration gradient?
Definition
False Active transport of a substance across a membrane requires energy.
Term
An organic nutrient essential to an organism's metabolism that it cannot synthesize is called a growth factor?
Definition
True
Term
True/False Biofilms consist of multiple species of bacteria?
Definition
False Some biofilms consist of multiple species of bacteria.
Term
An obligate halophile is an organism that requires high osmotic pressure?
Definition
False An obligate halophile is an organism that requires high salt concentration.
Term
An anaerobe can grow with or without oxygen ?
Definition
False A facultative anaerobe can grow with or without oxygen.
Term
Chemical analysis of microbial cytoplasm: List Chonps whitch constitute 96% elements
Definition
C=Carbon
H=Hydrogen
O=Oxygen
N=Nitrogen
P=Phosphorus
S=Sulfur
Term
Carbon sources -
organic form?
Definition
HETEROTROPH OBTAIN CARBON IN A ORGANIC FORM (NUTRITIONALLY DEPENDEDNT ON LIVING THINGS

Autotroph (self feeder) Uses inorganic CO2 as its carbon source (not nutitionally dependent on other living things)
Term
Hydrogen-in several inorganic compounds
Performs overlapping roles in the biochemistry of cells-----Functions
Definition
-maintaining pH
forming hydrogen bonds between molecules
-serving as the source of free energy in ocidation-reduction reaction of respiration
Term
Oxygen is a major component of?
Definition
-organic compounds
-also makes a common component of inorganic salts
Term
Oxygen makes up what % of the atomosphere
Definition
20%
Term
Nitrogen sources
N2- pRIMARY NITROGEN SOURCE FOR?

Some bacteria and algae utilize?
Definition
heterotrophsproteins, DNA, RNA

Some bacteria and algae utilize INORGANIC NITROGENOUS NUTRIENTS
Term
Small number can transform N2 into-
Definition
unsable compounds through nitrogen fixation
Term
Regardless of the intial form of nitrogen, must be converted into ?
Definition
NH3 (the only form that can be directly combined with C to synthesize amino acids and other compounds
Term
What is the main inorganic source of phosphorus?
Definition
is phosphate (PO4)3-
Derived from phosphoric acid

found in rocks and oceanic mineral deposites
Term
Phosphorus is a key component in ?

Found in?
Definition
nucleic acids

found in ATP
phosphlipids in cell membranes and coenzymes
Term
Sulfur sources
Definition
widley distributed throughout enviroment in mineral form

essential component of some vitamins

amino acids- methionine and cysteine
Term
Describe nutrients important in microbial metabolism?

Potassium
Definition
Potassium-protein synthesis and membrane function
Term
Describe nutrients important in microbial metabolism?

Sodium
Definition
sodium-certain types of cell transport
Term
Describe nutrients important in microbial metabolism?

Calcium
Definition
Calcium-stabilzer of cell walls and endosphores
Term
Describe nutrients important in microbial metabolism?

Magnesium
Definition
magnesium- components of chlorophyll and stabilizer of membranes and ribsomes
Term
Describe nutrients important in microbial metabolism?

Iron
Definition
iron-important component of cytochrome proteins
Term
Describe nutrients important in microbial metabolism?

Zinc
Definition
zinc-essential regulatory element for eukaryotic genetics and binding factors for enzymes
Term
WHat other nutrients are needed by some microbes in small amounts but nit in others
Definition
cooper,cobalt, nickle, molybdenum, manganese, silocon, iodine and boron
Term
give growth factor definition and example?
Definition
an organic compound such as amino acid, nitrogenous base, or vitamin that cannot be synthesized by an organism and must be provided as a nutrient

For example - many cells cannot synthesize all 20 amino acids so they must obtain them from food (essential amino acids)
Term
Autotroph
Definition
self feeders use carbon dioxide
Term
heterotroph
Definition
other feeders use organix compounds
Term
Energy sources-

chemotroph use?
Definition
chemotroph use organic molecules
Term
energy source-

phototroph use?
Definition
phototroph use light
Term
Energy sources-

Lithotroph use?
Definition
Lithotroph use? inorganic molecules like H2S
Term
List three energy sources
Definition
chemotroph

phototroph

lithotroph
Term
Where do obligate saprobes exist?
Definition
strictly on dead organic matter in soil and water
Term
Saprobes
free-living microorganisms
Describe
Decomposes
Definition
Describe: have rigid cell wall, so they release enzymes to the extracellular enviroment and digest food particles into snaller molecules

decomposers of plant litte, animal matter and dead microbes
Term
ectoparasites
Definition
live on body
Term
endoparasites
Definition
live in organs and tissues
Term
intracellular parasites
Definition
live within cells
Term
obligate parasites
Definition
unable to grow outside of a living host
Term
parasites
derive from?
also called?
Definition
Parasite

derive nutrients from the cells or tissue of a host
-also called pathogens because they cause damage to tissues or even death
Term
Describe nutrient transport?
Definition
most nutrients are polar
Do not cross the membrane alone requires a carrier
need to concentrate essential nutrients
require energy
Term
describe diffusion
Definition
when atoms and molecules move in a gradient from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

will eventually evenly distribute the molecules

simple or passive diffusion is limited to small nonpolar molecules or lipid soluble molecules
Term
osmosis-
Definition
diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Term
Describe the movement of water through the selective membrane?
Definition
is selectively permeable; allows free diffusion of water but can block other dissolved molecules

when solute is not diffusible, water will diffuse at a fast rate from the side that has more water to the side that has less water
Term
Isotonic
Definition
the enviroment is equal in solute concentration to the cell's internal enviroment.
No net change in the cell volume.
generally the most stable enviroment of cells
Term
Hypotonic
Definition
The solute concentration of the external enviroment is lower than that of the cells internal enviroment

net direction of osmosis is from the hypotonic solution into the cell
cells without cell walls swell and can burst
Term
Hypertonic
Definition
the enviroment has a higher solute concertration than the cytoplasm
will force water to diffuse out of a cell
cell will shrink
Term
Two types of passive transport
Definition
Diffusion and osmosis
Term
Describe active transport
Definition
Protein carrier and energy required
movement against the gradient
Term
endocytosis
Definition
particles are engulfed
Term
pinocytosis
Definition
liquids entering the cell
Term
phagocytosis
Definition
process carried out by white blood cells to engulf cells or particles
Term
exocytosis
Definition
package and release of substances from a cell
Term
metabolism

Functions of metabolism
Definition
all chemical reactions and physical working of the cell

functions of metabolism:
assembles smaller molecules into larger macromolecules needed for the cell (anabolism)

Degrades macromolecules into smaller molecules and yields energy (catabolism)

engery is conserved in the form of ATP or heat
Term
anabolism (biosynthesis)
Definition
Any process that results in synthesis or cell molecules and structures (usually requires energy input)
Term
catabolism
Definition
The breakdown of bonds of larger molecules into smaller molecules (often release energy)
Term
What are catalysts?
Definition
Enzymes
Term
Catalysts
Definition
chemicals that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the products or being consumed in the reaction
Term
How do enzymes work?
Definition
energy of activation. The amount of energy which must be overcome for a reaction to proceed.

an enzyme promotes a reaction by serving as a physical site upon which the reactant molecules (subtract) can be positioned for various interactions
Term
Enzyme -Substrate interactions?
Definition
for a reaction to take place, temporary enzyme -substrate union must occur at the active site

lock and key fit

bonds are weak and easy reversible
Term
Constitutive enzyme-
Definition
always present and in relatively constant amounts
Term
regulated enzymes
Definition
production is either induced or repressed in response to a change in the constration of the substrate
Term
Characteristics of enzyme-
Definition
-most composed of protein
-act as a organix cataylst to speed up the rate of cellular reactions
have unique characteristics of shape, and function
-greatly affected by temperature and pH
can be regulated by feedback.
Term
One of the most important components of coenzymes?
Definition
Vitamins
Term
Describe coenzymes
Definition
-organic compunds that work in conjunction with a apoenzyme to perform a necessary alteration of a substrate
-Removes a chemical goup from one substrate molecule and adds to another.
Term
Describe Metallic cofactors?
Definition
Include Fe; Cu, Mg, Zn, Co,Se

activate enzymes, help bring the active site and substrate close together, and participates directly in chemical reactions with the enzyme-substrate complex
Term
Constitutive enzymes
Definition
always present and in relatively constant amounts
Term
regulated enzymes
Definition
production is either induced or repressed in response to a change in concentration of substrate
Term
Fungal infections in humans are called
Definition
mycosis
Term
Toxoplasma gondii is which type of cell?
Definition
Eukaryotic
Term
Differential staining of bacterial membranes is considered _______Classification
Definition
Phenetic
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