Term
The source of the necessary elements of life is ? |
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Definition
An inoorganic environmental reservoir. |
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Term
An organism that can synthesize all its required organic components from CO 2 using energy from the sun is a ? |
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Definition
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Chemoautotrophs can survive on ___ alone. |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following statements is true for all organisms? |
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Definition
The require inorganic nutrients. |
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Term
A pathogen would most accurately be descibed as a ? |
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Definition
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Which of the following is true of passive transport? |
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Definition
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Term
A cell exposed to a hypertonic environment will ___ by osmosis ? |
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Definition
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Term
Psychrophiles would be expected to grow ? |
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Definition
At refrigeration temperatures. |
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Term
Superoxide ion is toxic to strict anaerobes because they lack ? |
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Definition
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Term
In a viable plate count, each ____ represents a _____ from the sample population ? |
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Definition
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Term
True/False Active transport of a substance across a membrane requires a concentration gradient? |
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Definition
False Active transport of a substance across a membrane requires energy. |
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Term
An organic nutrient essential to an organism's metabolism that it cannot synthesize is called a growth factor? |
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Definition
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Term
True/False Biofilms consist of multiple species of bacteria? |
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Definition
False Some biofilms consist of multiple species of bacteria. |
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Term
An obligate halophile is an organism that requires high osmotic pressure? |
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Definition
False An obligate halophile is an organism that requires high salt concentration. |
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Term
An anaerobe can grow with or without oxygen ? |
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Definition
False A facultative anaerobe can grow with or without oxygen. |
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Term
Chemical analysis of microbial cytoplasm: List Chonps whitch constitute 96% elements |
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Definition
C=Carbon H=Hydrogen O=Oxygen N=Nitrogen P=Phosphorus S=Sulfur |
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Term
Carbon sources - organic form? |
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Definition
HETEROTROPH OBTAIN CARBON IN A ORGANIC FORM (NUTRITIONALLY DEPENDEDNT ON LIVING THINGS
Autotroph (self feeder) Uses inorganic CO2 as its carbon source (not nutitionally dependent on other living things) |
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Term
Hydrogen-in several inorganic compounds Performs overlapping roles in the biochemistry of cells-----Functions |
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Definition
-maintaining pH forming hydrogen bonds between molecules -serving as the source of free energy in ocidation-reduction reaction of respiration |
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Term
Oxygen is a major component of? |
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Definition
-organic compounds -also makes a common component of inorganic salts |
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Term
Oxygen makes up what % of the atomosphere |
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Definition
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Term
Nitrogen sources N2- pRIMARY NITROGEN SOURCE FOR?
Some bacteria and algae utilize? |
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Definition
heterotrophsproteins, DNA, RNA
Some bacteria and algae utilize INORGANIC NITROGENOUS NUTRIENTS |
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Term
Small number can transform N2 into- |
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Definition
unsable compounds through nitrogen fixation |
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Term
Regardless of the intial form of nitrogen, must be converted into ? |
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Definition
NH3 (the only form that can be directly combined with C to synthesize amino acids and other compounds |
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Term
What is the main inorganic source of phosphorus? |
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Definition
is phosphate (PO4)3- Derived from phosphoric acid
found in rocks and oceanic mineral deposites |
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Term
Phosphorus is a key component in ?
Found in? |
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Definition
nucleic acids
found in ATP phosphlipids in cell membranes and coenzymes |
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Term
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Definition
widley distributed throughout enviroment in mineral form
essential component of some vitamins
amino acids- methionine and cysteine |
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Term
Describe nutrients important in microbial metabolism?
Potassium |
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Definition
Potassium-protein synthesis and membrane function |
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Term
Describe nutrients important in microbial metabolism?
Sodium |
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Definition
sodium-certain types of cell transport |
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Term
Describe nutrients important in microbial metabolism?
Calcium |
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Definition
Calcium-stabilzer of cell walls and endosphores |
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Term
Describe nutrients important in microbial metabolism?
Magnesium |
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Definition
magnesium- components of chlorophyll and stabilizer of membranes and ribsomes |
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Term
Describe nutrients important in microbial metabolism?
Iron |
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Definition
iron-important component of cytochrome proteins |
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Term
Describe nutrients important in microbial metabolism?
Zinc |
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Definition
zinc-essential regulatory element for eukaryotic genetics and binding factors for enzymes |
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Term
WHat other nutrients are needed by some microbes in small amounts but nit in others |
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Definition
cooper,cobalt, nickle, molybdenum, manganese, silocon, iodine and boron |
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Term
give growth factor definition and example? |
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Definition
an organic compound such as amino acid, nitrogenous base, or vitamin that cannot be synthesized by an organism and must be provided as a nutrient
For example - many cells cannot synthesize all 20 amino acids so they must obtain them from food (essential amino acids) |
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Term
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Definition
self feeders use carbon dioxide |
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Term
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Definition
other feeders use organix compounds |
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Term
Energy sources-
chemotroph use? |
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Definition
chemotroph use organic molecules |
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Term
energy source-
phototroph use? |
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Definition
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Term
Energy sources-
Lithotroph use? |
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Definition
Lithotroph use? inorganic molecules like H2S |
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Term
List three energy sources |
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Definition
chemotroph
phototroph
lithotroph |
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Term
Where do obligate saprobes exist? |
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Definition
strictly on dead organic matter in soil and water |
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Term
Saprobes free-living microorganisms Describe Decomposes |
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Definition
Describe: have rigid cell wall, so they release enzymes to the extracellular enviroment and digest food particles into snaller molecules
decomposers of plant litte, animal matter and dead microbes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
live in organs and tissues |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
unable to grow outside of a living host |
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Term
parasites derive from? also called? |
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Definition
Parasite
derive nutrients from the cells or tissue of a host -also called pathogens because they cause damage to tissues or even death |
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Term
Describe nutrient transport? |
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Definition
most nutrients are polar Do not cross the membrane alone requires a carrier need to concentrate essential nutrients require energy |
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Term
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Definition
when atoms and molecules move in a gradient from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
will eventually evenly distribute the molecules
simple or passive diffusion is limited to small nonpolar molecules or lipid soluble molecules |
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Term
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Definition
diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
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Term
Describe the movement of water through the selective membrane? |
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Definition
is selectively permeable; allows free diffusion of water but can block other dissolved molecules
when solute is not diffusible, water will diffuse at a fast rate from the side that has more water to the side that has less water |
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Term
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Definition
the enviroment is equal in solute concentration to the cell's internal enviroment. No net change in the cell volume. generally the most stable enviroment of cells |
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Term
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Definition
The solute concentration of the external enviroment is lower than that of the cells internal enviroment
net direction of osmosis is from the hypotonic solution into the cell cells without cell walls swell and can burst |
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Term
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Definition
the enviroment has a higher solute concertration than the cytoplasm will force water to diffuse out of a cell cell will shrink |
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Term
Two types of passive transport |
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Definition
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Term
Describe active transport |
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Definition
Protein carrier and energy required movement against the gradient |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
liquids entering the cell |
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Term
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Definition
process carried out by white blood cells to engulf cells or particles |
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Term
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Definition
package and release of substances from a cell |
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Term
metabolism
Functions of metabolism |
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Definition
all chemical reactions and physical working of the cell
functions of metabolism: assembles smaller molecules into larger macromolecules needed for the cell (anabolism)
Degrades macromolecules into smaller molecules and yields energy (catabolism)
engery is conserved in the form of ATP or heat |
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Term
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Definition
Any process that results in synthesis or cell molecules and structures (usually requires energy input) |
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Term
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Definition
The breakdown of bonds of larger molecules into smaller molecules (often release energy) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
chemicals that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the products or being consumed in the reaction |
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Term
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Definition
energy of activation. The amount of energy which must be overcome for a reaction to proceed.
an enzyme promotes a reaction by serving as a physical site upon which the reactant molecules (subtract) can be positioned for various interactions |
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Term
Enzyme -Substrate interactions? |
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Definition
for a reaction to take place, temporary enzyme -substrate union must occur at the active site
lock and key fit
bonds are weak and easy reversible |
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Term
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Definition
always present and in relatively constant amounts |
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Term
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Definition
production is either induced or repressed in response to a change in the constration of the substrate |
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Term
Characteristics of enzyme- |
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Definition
-most composed of protein -act as a organix cataylst to speed up the rate of cellular reactions have unique characteristics of shape, and function -greatly affected by temperature and pH can be regulated by feedback. |
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Term
One of the most important components of coenzymes? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-organic compunds that work in conjunction with a apoenzyme to perform a necessary alteration of a substrate -Removes a chemical goup from one substrate molecule and adds to another. |
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Term
Describe Metallic cofactors? |
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Definition
Include Fe; Cu, Mg, Zn, Co,Se
activate enzymes, help bring the active site and substrate close together, and participates directly in chemical reactions with the enzyme-substrate complex |
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Term
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Definition
always present and in relatively constant amounts |
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Term
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Definition
production is either induced or repressed in response to a change in concentration of substrate |
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Term
Fungal infections in humans are called |
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Definition
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Term
Toxoplasma gondii is which type of cell? |
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Definition
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Term
Differential staining of bacterial membranes is considered _______Classification |
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Definition
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