Term
| What does the term variolation mean? |
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Definition
| small amounts of powdered scabs from small pox lesions inhaled or scratched onto skin, resulted in mild disease but then immunity to small pox |
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Term
| where was variolation widely used as early as 960AD |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| purposeful exposure to an antigen and the immune response it produces |
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Term
| what is an active immune response |
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Definition
| An active immune response occurs when a normally functioning immune system is exposed to an antigen and the immune system responds. Long lasting protection mediated by memory response |
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Term
| what is passive immune response |
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Definition
| when an individual acquires antibodies that have been produced in another individual or an animal. Although passive immunity provides immediate protection, it is short-lived. |
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Term
| Active and passive immune responses can be further categorized into |
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Definition
| natural and artificial response |
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Term
| A natural active immune response occurs when |
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Definition
| an individual acquires an infectious disease through natural exposure and recovers |
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Term
| An artificial active immune response occurs when |
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Definition
| an individual is purposely exposed to an antigen. |
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Term
| A natural passive immune response occurs when |
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Definition
| there is a transfer of IgG antibodies across the placenta from mother to developing fetus |
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Term
| What class of antibodies includes those that cross the placenta? |
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Definition
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Term
| How else can a newborn acquire natural passive immunity? |
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Definition
| breastfeeding - secretory IgA, protects digestive tract |
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Term
| does passive immunity have memory |
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Definition
| no - when antibodies gone they are gone |
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Term
| Artificial passive immunity is |
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Definition
| an injection of immune serum to deliver preformed antibodies for immediate protection |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid portion of blood that remains after blood clots - containing protective antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| antiserum that protects against a given toxin |
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Term
| Can you give an example of a situation when artificial passive immunization would be needed? |
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Definition
| tetanus immune globulin (TIG), rabies immune globulin (RIG), hep B immune globulin (HBIG) - when given during incubation period |
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Term
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Definition
| a prepartion of pathogen or tis products used to induce active immunity |
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Term
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Definition
| weakened form of the pathogen that generally cannot cause (severe) disease, replicates and causes undetectable/mild disease with long-lasting immunity |
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Term
| attenuated vaccine- how is it produced (to not be harmful) |
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Definition
| growing microbe under conditions that cause mutations making it less pathogenic, grown in different animal species, also genetic manipulation |
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Term
| what is disadvantage of attenuated vaccine |
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Definition
| sometimes cause disease in immunosupressed people, can mutate to become pathogenic again, usualy require refrigeration |
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Term
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Definition
| unable to replicate, but retains immunogenicity, cannot cause disease |
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Term
| what is disadvantage of inactivated vaccine |
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Definition
| does not replicate, no amplification of dose, needs booster |
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Term
| • inactivated whole agent vaccine, & ex of |
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Definition
| contained killed microorganisms or inactivated viruses, cannot replicate - influenza, rabies, polio |
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Term
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Definition
| inactivated toxins prepared by treating to destroy toxic part, but retaining antigenic epitopes - diphtheria and tetanus |
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Term
| • protein subunit vaccine, |
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Definition
| key protein antigens, cell parts that cause undesirable effects not included - pertussis |
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Term
| • polysaccharide vaccine, |
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Definition
| contain polysaccharides from capsules of certain microbes, not effective in young children (because are T-independent) - pneumococcus vaccines |
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Term
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Definition
| polysaccharide linked to proteins, makes it T dependent - HIB |
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Term
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Definition
| substance that enhances the immune reponse to antigens, provide "danger" signals to dendritic cells - alum and derivative of lipid A |
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Term
| What is the name of the first polio vaccine? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the antigenic component of this vaccine? |
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Definition
| inactivated viruses of 3 types of poliovirus, |
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Term
| Salk vs Sabin - attenuated or inactivated |
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Definition
| Salk is inactivated, Sabin is attenuated |
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Term
| What advantages did the Sabin vaccine offer? |
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Definition
| cheaper oral administration, better mucosal immunity (secretory IgA response) - protected against wild type |
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Term
| What disadvantages did the Sabin vaccine offer? |
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Definition
| attenuated viruses can mutate to become virulent |
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Term
| Which vaccine is used routinely now? Why? |
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Definition
| Salk used routinely now - US free of wild-type |
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Term
| what can be used as evidence of past exposure to an antigen |
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Definition
| The detection of antibodies in body fluids |
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Term
| what test used to detect tb |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is the study of the serum antibodies and the use of serum antibodies to detect antigens. |
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Term
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Definition
| change form seronegative to seropositive - takes roughly 7-10 days |
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Term
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Definition
| Titer is a measurement of the level of antibody in a body fluid - usually reciprocal of last dilution that gave a detectable antigen/antibody reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| fusion of B cell and myeloma cell, produces a large amount of one specific (monoclonal) antibody |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal plasma cells that grow indefinitely |
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Term
| how are monoclonal antibodies obtained |
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Definition
| taking B cells from immunized animal, fusing with (activated lymphocyte) that will divide in culture, recombinant dna techniques may be used to humanize and animal antibody - human immune system less likely to destroy |
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Term
| what can a monoclonal antibody be used for |
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Definition
| can be used in laboratory testing to detect the presence of a specific antigen - 10 min S. pyogenes test for strep throat |
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Term
| what is antibody specific for in general |
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Definition
| the antigen that elicited its production |
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Term
| examples of visible reactions between antibody/antigen |
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Definition
| precipitation & agglutination reactions |
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Term
| direct vs indirect tests for antigens |
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Definition
| direct test for antigen, indirect for antibodies |
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Term
| what does ELISA stand for |
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Definition
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - uses antibodies labled with enzyme/peroxidase, detected with colorimetry |
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Term
| How is the ELISA used to test for pregnancy and screen for HIV? |
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Definition
| preg. Detects HCG - antigen only present in pregnancy, indirect ELISA tests for HIV |
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