Term
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Definition
| killing or removal of all microorganisms in a material or on an object |
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Term
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Definition
| reduction of the number of pathogenic microorganisms to the point where they no longer pose any danger of disease |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical agent that can safely be used externally on living tissue to destroy microorganisms or to inhibit their growth |
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Definition
| chemical agent used on inanimate objects to destroy microorganisms. most do not kill spores |
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Definition
| chemical agent typically used on food-handling equipment and eating utensils to reduce bacterial numbers so as to meet public health standards. may simply refer to thorough washing with only soap or detergent |
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Definition
| agent that inhibits growth of bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| agent capable of killing microbes rapidly; some effectively kill certain microbes but inhibit others |
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Definition
| agent that kills bacteria, most such agents do not kill spores |
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Definition
| agent that inactivates viruses |
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Definition
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Definition
| agent that kills bacterial endospores or fungal spores |
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Term
| action of soaps and detergents |
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Definition
| lowers surface tension, makes microbes accessible to other agents |
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Term
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Definition
dissolves lipids, disrupts membranes, denatures proteins, & inactivates enzymes in high concentrations
act as wetting agents in low concentrations |
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Term
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Definition
| lowers pH and denatures proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| raises pH and denatures proteins |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| oxidize cell components in absence of organic matter |
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Term
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Definition
| disrupts membranes, denatures proteins, and inactivates enzymes; not impaired by organic matter |
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Term
| actions of oxidizing agents |
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Definition
| disrupts disulfide bonds in proteins |
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Term
| action of alkylating agents |
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Definition
| disrupts structure of protein and nucleic acids |
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Term
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Definition
| may interfere with replication or block cell wall synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| hand washing, laundry, sanitizing kitchen and dairy equipment |
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Term
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Definition
cationic detergents used to sanitize utensils
anionic detergents used to launder clothes & clean household objects
quaternary ammonium chloride compounds are sometimes used in antiseptics on skin |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
silver nitrate in baby's eyes to prevent gonococcal infections
mercury compounds to disinfect skin & innanimate objects |
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Term
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Definition
chlorine is used to kill pathogens in water and to disinfect utensils
iodine compounds are used as skin antiseptics |
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Term
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Definition
isopropyl used to disinfect skin
ethylene glycol & propylene glycol used in aerosols |
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Term
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Definition
phenol: disinfect surfaces and destroy discarded cultures
amylphenol: destroys vegetative organisms & inactivates viruses
chlorhexidine gluconate: effective as a surgical scrub |
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Term
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Definition
| hydrogen peroxide is used to clean puncture wounds, potassium permanganate to disinfect instruments |
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Term
| uses of alkylating agents |
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Definition
formaldehyde used to inactivate viruses without destroying antigenic properties
glutaraldehyde to sterilize equipment
betapropiolactone to destroy hepatitis viruses
ethylene oxide to sterilize inanimate objects that would be harmed at high temps |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| slows the rate of enzyme controlled reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| greatly slows the rate of most enzyme-controlled reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits enzymes because of lack of water |
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Term
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Definition
| dehydration inhibits enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| denatures proteins and nucleic acids |
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Term
| action of ionizing radiation |
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Definition
| denatures proteins and nucleic acids |
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Term
| action of microwave radiation |
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Definition
| absorbs water molecules, then releases microwave energy to surroundings as heat |
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Term
| action of strong visible light |
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Definition
| oxidation of light-sensitive materials |
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Term
| action of sonic & ultrasonic waves |
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Definition
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Term
| action of filtration membranes |
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Definition
| mechanically removes microbes |
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Term
| action of osmotic pressure |
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Definition
| removes water from microbes |
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Term
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Definition
oven heat to sterilize glassware and metal
open flame to incinerate microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
autoclaving sterilizes hospital and lab equipment not damaged by heat and moisture
pressure cooking sterilizes canned foods |
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Term
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Definition
| kills pathogens in milk, dairy, and beer |
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Term
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Definition
| keeps fresh foods for a few days; does not kill most microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
| used to keep fresh food for several months; does not kill microorganisms; used with glycerol to preserve microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
| used to preserve some fruits and vegetables, sometimes used with smoke to preserve sausages and fish |
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Term
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Definition
used to manufacture some instant coffees
used to preserve microorganisms for years |
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Term
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Definition
| used to reduce number of microbes in air in operating rooms, animal rooms, and where cultures are transferred |
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Term
| uses of ionizing radiation |
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Definition
| used to sterilize plastics and pharmaceutical products used to preserve foods |
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Term
| uses of microwave radiation |
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Definition
| cannot be used reliably to destroy microbes except in special media-sterilizing equipment |
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Term
| uses of strong visible light |
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Definition
can be used with dyes to destroy bacteria & viruses
may help sanitize clothing |
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Term
| uses of sonic and ultrasonic waves |
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Definition
not a practical means of killing microbes
useful in fractionating and studying cell components |
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Term
| uses of filtration membranes |
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Definition
used to sterilize media, pharm. products, and vitamins
used in manufacturing vaccines
used in sampling microbes in air & water |
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Term
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Definition
| used to prevent spoilage of foods such as pickles and jellies |
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