Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Micro biology ch 8,7, 6
Microbiology ch8,7,6
222
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
02/17/2017

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Metabolism
Definition
Sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism
Term
Anabolism
Definition
building of complex organic compounds from simplier compounds
Term
Catabolism
Definition
breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler compounds
Term
Anabolism
Definition
- Biosynthesis
-Covalent bonds are formed
-Dehydration synthesis
-Endergonic: more energy consumed than produced (requires ATP)
Ex. Nucleotides are used to synthesize nucleic acids.
Amino acids are used in the synthesis of proteins.
Term
Endergonic
Definition
more energy consumed than produced (requires ATP)
Term
Catabolism
Definition
-Degradative
- Covalent bonds are broken
-Hydrolytic reaction
Exergonic: more energy produced than consumed (produces ATP)
-Drive anabolic reactions
Ex. Complex sugars  monosaccharides
Sugar  CO2 and H2O
Term
ATP
Definition
-High energy molecule
-Last 2 phosphate bonds are unstable
-Energy is released when last phosphate bond is broken
Term
Metabolic Pathways
Definition
-Usually, a single covalent bond is made/ broken in each reaction.
-Begins with a specific molecule and ends with a final product (endproduct)
-Many steps are needed
-Process is efficient!
Term
Collision Theory
Definition
All atoms, ions, and molecules are continuously moving. When they collide, electrons aredisrupted and can form/break chemical bonds.
Term
Collision Theory
What factors determine if a reaction happens?
Definition
Velocity
Activation energy
Chemical configuration
Term
Reaction Rate
Definition
-Frequency of collisions containing enough energy to result in a reaction
-Dependent on # of reactant molecules at/above activation energy
Temperature
Pressure
Term
Enzymes
Definition
-Proteins that catalyze/speed up biochemical reactions without being permanently altered
Some are RNA
-Characteristic 3D shape determines function
Term
substrate
Definition
-substance acted on by an enzyme
-Specificity: act on only one substrate
Term
Active site:
Definition
region of enzyme that interacts with substrate
“Induced fit” between the substrate and the active site
-Not a lock and key fit
Term
Enzyme Speed and Location
Definition
Number of substrate molecules converted per individual enzyme per second
1,000 – several million molecules per second!
Term
How do enzymes work?
Definition
-Catalyze reactions by increasing probability of reactions
-Lower activation energy
-Increase # of molecules that reach activation energy
Term
Ions: Fe2+,. Zn2+, Mg2+, Ca2+
Definition
Form bridge between substrate and enzyme
Term
Coenzyme:
Definition
organic cofactor
Remove a chemical group from one substrate and transfer/carry it to another
H+, CO2, amino groups, or electrons
Electron carriers (accept and donate electrons)
Niacin
NAD+ (catabolic rxns), NADP+ (anabolic rxns)
Other B vitamins
FAD, Coenzyme A (important in Krebs cycle)
Term
Electron carriers
Definition
accept and donate electrons
Term
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
Definition
Temperature
pH
Substrate Concentration
Presence of Inhibitors
Term
Temperature
Definition
Increasing
Term
Denaturation
Definition
Loss of protein structure
Term
Optimum temp
Definition
- max enzyme activity
- 35-40oC for most pathogens
Term
pH Denaturation
Definition
-Loss of protein structure

-H+ and OH- compete with ions
in ionic bonds
Term
Optimum PH
Definition
pH at which enzyme activity is maximum
Term
Substrate Concentration
Definition
Increases in substrate concentration increase
enzymatic activity until all of the active sites are full
Term
Saturation
Definition
-All active sites are full
-Curve levels off
Term
Feedback inhibtion
Definition
Common way to regulate metabolic pathways
Term
Oxidation
Definition
loss of electrons
Term
Reduction
Definition
gain of electrons
Term
Redox reaxtions
Definition
Sometimes a electron is exchanged with a proton(H+)
Term
Metabolic Pathways
Definition
-Series of connected chemical reactions within cell
-Enzymes at every step
-Store & release energy from organic compounds
Term
Carbohydrate catabolism
Definition
-Common strategy for microbes to make ATP
-Carbs are easily oxidized (good fuels)
Term
Glucose C6 H12 06
Definition
-Highly reduced molecule
-Lots of energy
Term
Cellular Respiration
Definition
ATP-generating process in which molecules are oxidized and the final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule
Term
Aerobic
Definition
oxygen
Term
Anaerobic
Definition
Anaerobic = not oxygen
Term
Glycolysis
Definition
-sugar splitting
-1st stage of carb catabolism
Term
Glycolysis
Definition
Used in most living cells
-Some bacteria have alt. pathways
Term
Glycolysis
Definition
-Almost every step requires an
enzyme
Term
Glycolysis
Definition
Splits 6C sugar into 2 3C molecules
Term
Glycolysis
Definition
Oxidation & rearrangement to form
pyruvic acid
Term
Glucose
Definition
2 pyruvic acid
(pyruvate is ionic form)
Term
Glycolysis
Definition
Net gain = 2ATPs + 2NADH
Term
Glycolysis
Definition
-Does not require oxygen
-Followed by respiration or
fermentation
Term
krebs cycle
Definition
Gradually releases energy through e- transfer
Term
krebs cycle
Definition
-E- transferred to carrier coenzymes

-NAD+ and FAD
(reduced to NADH and FADH2)
Term
krebs cycle
Definition
Net 2 ATP + 6NADH + 2FADH2
*Per glucose molecule*
Term
krebs cycle
Definition
Citric Acid Cycle
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
Term
Electron Transport Chain
Definition
Several types of ETCs
- Even in same organism
-All function similarly
Term
Electron Transport Chain
Definition
Location
-PM of bacteria
-Inner mitochondrial membrane of euk.
Term
Electron Transport Chain
Definition
Carriers transfer e- energy into ATP
-Series of redox reactions
Term
proton motive force
Definition
Energy drives H+ pumps creating
Term
chemiosmosis
Definition
In the ETC H+ flow through ATP synthase
Term
ATP Synthase
Definition
NADH3--->ATP
FADH2--->2ATP
Term
Prokaryotes
Definition
38 ATPs from one glucose molecule
Term
Eukaryotes
Definition
-36 ATPs
-Energy lost with transfer of NADH/FADH2 across membrane
Term
Anaerobic Respiration Summary
Definition
-final e- acceptor = inorganic molecule (not O2)

- 2-36 ATPs / glucose
Term
Anaerobic Respiration
Definition
2-36 ATPs / glucose
Term
Eukaryotes
Definition
36 ATPs
Term
Fermentation
Definition
Releases energy from sugar or other organic molecules
-Incomplete oxidation of carbohydrate
-Final e- acceptor is organic molecule
Term
Fermentation
Definition
Final e- acceptor is organic molecule
Term
Fermentation
Definition
-Oxygen not required (anaerobic)
-CAN occur in presence of O2
-2 ATPs made during glycolysis
- Krebs cycle and Electron transport not used
Term
Fermentation
Definition
Glycolysis followed by pyruvate reduction
-NADH passes e-s to pyruvate instead of ETC
Term
Fermentation
Definition
Endproducts depend on microbes, substrates, enzymes
Term
Alcohol Fermintation
Definition
Ethanol produced
Term
Acid Fermintation
Definition
Lactate
Term
Carbon
Definition
50% dry weight of a bacterial cell
Term
Carbon
Definition
obtain through energy sources (carbs,lipids,proteins)or Co2
Term
Carbon
Definition
4 nutrional caegories
-Photoautotroph
-Chemoautotroph
-Photoheterotroph
-Chemoheterotroph
Term
Hydrogen
Definition
-In all organic and most inorganic compounds
-Maintains pH, forms hydrogen bonds, source of free energy in redox reactions
Term
Hydrogen
Definition
-Maintains pH, forms hydrogen bonds, source of free energy in redox reactions
Term
Hydrogen
Definition
-In all organic and most inorganic compounds
Term
Nitrogen
Definition
Needed for protein, nuceic acid, and ATP synthesis
Term
Nitrogen fixation
Definition
conversion of N2(in air) into NH4
Term
Phosphorous (P)
Definition
-DNA& RNA
-Phospholipids
-ATP
Term
Sulfur(S)
Definition
Needed for protein (in Cys and Met)& vitamin synthesis (Biotin & Thiamine)
Term
Apoenzyme
Definition
-protein portion
-inactive
Term
coenzyme
Definition
cofactor
-non protein portion
-activator
Term
Holoenzyme
Definition
-Whole enzyme
-active
Term
Ions
Definition
Potassium, sodium, magnesium,calcium, sodium
Term
Essential organic molecules
Definition
growth factors
Term
Aerobes require
Definition
- O2 for aerobic respiration
- H+ (stripped from organic compounds) + O2(air) + electrons---->H2O
Term
Anaerobes
Definition
-don't use 02 for energy production
-Anarobic respiration & fermentation
Term
radicals
Definition
toxic products that oxygen is transferred into while it is being utilized
Term
Radicals are formed when
Definition
- when o2 is used
-by ionizing radiation (H2O-->H+ (+) OH-)
Term
Oxygen radicals
Definition
O2-:superoxide
H2O2:Hydrogen peroxide
OH-:hydroxyl ion
O2^2:Peroxide ion
Term
O2-
Definition
superoxide
Term
H2O2
Definition
Hydrogen peroxide
Term
OH-
Definition
hydroxyl ion
Term
O2^2
Definition
Peroxide ion
Term
Why are oxygen radicals toxic?
Definition
- They are unstable
-Disrupts eletron arrangements around other molecules
-causes DNA or cell damage
Term
Detoxifaction
Definition
-naturally occurring antioxidants
-Detoxifying enzymes
Term
Naturally occurring antioxidants
Definition
-Tocopherol(vitamin E)
-Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)
-Melatonin
Term
Detoxifying enzymes
Definition
-Superoxide dismutase
-Catalase
-Peroxidase
Term
Obligate Aeorobes
Definition
only aerobic growth;oxygen required
-Medium:Growth occurs only where high concentrations of oxygen have diffused into the medium
-Presence of enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) allows toxic forms of oxygen to be neutralized;can use oxygen
Term
Facultative Anaerobes
Definition
-Both aerobic and anaerobic growth; greater growth in presence of oxygen
-Medium:Growth is best where most oxygen is present, but occurs throughout tube
-Lacks enzymes to neutralize harmful forms of oxygen; cannot tolerate oxygen
-Presence of enzymes catalase and SOD allows toxic forms of oxygen to be neutralized;can use oxygen
Term
obligate anaerobes
Definition
-organisms that survive in habitats without oxygen
-only anaerobic growth; ceases in presence of oxygen
Medium:Growth occurs only where there is no oxygen
Term
Aerotolerant Anaerobes
Definition
-Medium:growth occurs evenly; oxygen has no effect
Presence of one enzyme, SOD, allows harmful forms of oxygen to be partially neutralized; tolerates oxygen
Term
Microaerophiles
Definition
-Only aerobic growth; oxygen required in low concentration
-Medium:Growth occurs only where a low concentration of oxygen has diffused into medium
-Produce lethal amounts of toxic forms of oxygen if exposed to normal atmospheric oxygen
Term
In aerobic respiration carbohydrates are ultimately broken down into
Definition
CO2
Term
chemiosmosis
Definition
Most ATP produced in aerobic respiration occurs in the process of
Term
pyruvate
Definition
In glycolysis the most reduced compound formed is
Term
ATP
Definition
In glycolysis, the activation of glucose is accomplished by:
Term
oxygen
Definition
The final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is
Term
glycolysis
Definition
Which stage of aerobic respiration requires ATP
Term
none
Definition
. Which stage of aerobic respiration requires CO2?
Term
ATP synthase
Definition
As protons flow through the ______, energy is released and exploited to combine ADP and inorganic phosphate to form ATP.
Term
ATP synthase
Definition
is an enzyme, a molecular motor, an ion pump, and another molecular motor all wrapped together in one amazing nanoscale machine. It plays an indispensable role in our cells, building most of the ATP that powers our cellular processes
Term
-Prokaryotes
38 ATPs from one glucose molecule
-Eukaryotes get 36 ATPs
Energy lost with transfer of NADH/FADH2 across membrane
Definition
Summary of Aerobic Respiration
Term
Anaerobic Respiration
Definition
-final e- acceptor = inorganic molecule (not O2)
- 2-36 ATPs / glucose
Term
Fermentation
Definition
-Releases energy from sugar or other organic molecules
-Incomplete oxidation of carbohydrate
-Final e- acceptor is organic molecule
Term
Fermentation
Definition
-Oxygen not required (anaerobic)
-CAN occur in presence of O2
- 2 ATPs made during glycolysis
- Krebs cycle and Electron transport not used
Term
Fermentation
Definition
-Glycolysis followed by pyruvate reduction
-NADH passes e-s to pyruvate instead of ETC
Term
Fermentation
Definition
Endproducts depend on microbes, substrates, enzymes
Term
True
Definition
Fermentation can occur in the presence of oxygen
Term
50% of dry weight of a typical bacterial cell
Definition
Carbon
Term
Carbon
Definition
Obtain through energy sources (carbs, lipids, proteins) or CO2
Term
Carbon
Definition
4 Nutritional categories
Photoautotroph
Chemoautotroph
Photoheterotroph
Chemoheterotroph
Term
Photoautotroph
Definition
are organisms that carry out photosynthesis. Using energy from sunlight, carbon dioxide and water are converted into organic materials to be used in cellular functions such as biosynthesis and respiration.
Term
Chemoautotroph
Definition
Chemoautotrophs are organisms that obtain their energy from a chemical reaction (chemotrophs) but their source of carbon is the most oxidized form of carbon, carbon dioxide (CO2).
Term
Photoheterotroph
Definition
Photoheterotrophs depend on light for their source of energy and mostly organic compounds from the environment for their source of carbon.
Term
Chemoheterotroph
Definition
are unable to fix carbon to form their own organic compounds
Term
Hydrogen
Definition
In all organic and most inorganic compounds
Maintains pH, forms hydrogen bonds, source of free energy in redox reactions
Term
Nitrogen
Definition
Needed for protein, nucleic acid, and ATP synthesis
Term
Nitrogen fixation
Definition
conversion of N2 (in air) into NH4+
Term
Phosphorous (P)
Definition
is an essential element in the formation of phospholipids, a class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes, as they can form lipid bilayers, which keep ions, proteins, and other molecules where they are needed for cell function, and prevent them from diffusing into areas where they should not be. Phosphate groups are also an essential component of the backbone of nucleic acids and are required to form ATP – the main molecule used as energy powering the cell in all living creatures.
Term
Sulfur
Definition
Needed for protein (in Cys & Met) & vitamin synthesis (Biotin & thiamine
Term
Ions:
Definition
Potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, sodium
Term
Aerobes
Definition
-require O2 for aerobic respiration

-H+ (stripped from organic cmpds) + O2 (air) + electrons H2O
Term
Anaerobes
Definition
don’t use O2 for energy production
Term
radicals
Definition
As oxygen is utilized it is transformed into several toxic products
Term
Radicals are formed
Definition
-when O2 is used
-by ionizing radiation (H2O  H+ + OH-)
Term
-They are unstable
- Disrupt electron arrangements around other molecules
Definition
Why are oxygen radicals toxic
Term
obligate anaeorobe
Definition
Which of the following cannot survive in the presence of O2?
Term
Solute
Definition
- substance dispersed within a solvent
-solid sometimes gas
Term
Solvent
Definition
- dissolving medium (usually liquid)
-usually water, or a liquid
Term
Solution
Definition
- mixture of substances that cannot be separated by filtration
-combinationation of substances that solvents are dissolved
Term
Concentration gradient
Definition
Difference in concentration on two sides of a membrane
Term
Passive
Definition
moves from high to low conc;
no energy/ATP required
Term
Active
Definition
moves from low to high conc;
energy required
Term
Passive Processes
Definition
Simple Diffusion

Facilitated Diffusion

Osmosis
Term
Simple Diffusion
Definition
Net movement of solute molecules ---from high to low concentration
-Stops at equilibrium
Term
Facilitated Diffusion
Definition
s the process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions across a cell's membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins.
Term
Osmosis
Definition
Net movement of solvent (usually H2O) across selectively permeable membrane
Passive transport of solvent
Movement follows the CG for solvent
Term
simple diffusion
Definition
once the molecules stop at equilibrium they dont stop moving
Term
small uncharged molecules
Definition
what kind of molecules can easily go through simple diffusion
Term
Facilitated Diffusion
Definition
charged molecules go from high to low. They cant cross the membrane on their own because they are charged so they need carrier proteins transport proteins and permeass to act as channels
Term
Osmossis
Definition
-most instance water is the solvent
-water doesnt move easiliy or quickly because it has a partial charge
Term
Aquaporin
Definition
allows more rapid, faster movement of water
Term
Isotonic
Definition
-is equal, still has movement inside and outside
-rates of diffusion are equal in both directions
Term
Hypotonic
Definition
less solute outside the cell compared to the inside
cell wall:the cell swells, the cell wall resists osmotic pressure prevents it from bursting
no cell wall: cell swells and may burst if no mechanism exists to remove water
Term
Hypertonic
Definition
Higher concentration outside
Cell wall: water diffuses out of the cell and shrinks the cell membrane away from the cell wall
no cell wall: water diffuses out of the cell causes it to shrink and become distorted
Term
Gram +
Definition
Which bacteria are more susceptible to osmotic lysis?
Term
Active Transport
Definition
-Require ATP
-Usually move against CG
Can be with CG but at a faster rate

-Requires carrier protin
-Examples
*Ion pumps
*Group Translocation
Transport is coupled with alteration
Only in prokaryotes
*Endocytosis
Term
Group Translocation
Definition
-Transport is coupled with alteration
-Only in prokaryotes
Term
Endocytosis
Definition
is a form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) into the cell (endo- + cytosis) by engulfing them in an energy-using process.
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
process by which certain living cells called phagocytes ingest or engulf other cells or particles. The phagocyte may be a free-living one-celled organism, such as an amoeba, or one of the body cells, such as a white blood cell.
Term
Pinocytosis
Definition
the ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane.
Term
Receptor-mediated
Definition
is a process by which cells absorb metabolites, hormones, other proteins -
Term
Acidophiles
Definition
acid-tolerant microbes
Stomach pH = 1 (Helicobacter pylori)
Vagina pH = 3-5 (Lactobacillus)


Acids from fermentation preserve foods

Microbial wastes are acidic
Use buffers in media
Term
Hypotonic Solutions
Definition
If concentrations of dissolved solutes are less outside the cell than inside, the concentration of water outside is correspondingly greater. When a cell is exposed to such hypotonic conditions, there is net water movement into the cell. Cells without walls will swell and may burst (lyse) if excess water is not removed from the cell. Cells with walls often benefit from the turgor pressure that develops in hypotonic environments.
Term
Reducing media
Definition
contains ingredients that deplete O2
Ex. Thioglycollate medium (liquid)
Term
Anaerobic jars
Definition
Used for plate cultures
Colony growth
Term
Capnophiles
Definition
Require CO2 & some O2
-Intestines, respiratory tract, body tissues
- CO2 incubator or candle jar
Term
Biofilms
Definition
Benefits
-Share nutrients
-Shelter
-opportunity for genetic exchange
Cooperative activity
Term
Quorum sensing
Definition
Communication via chemical cues
Term
Bacterial Growth
Definition
Most reproduce by binary fission
Term
Budding
Definition
Outgrowth of cell that grows and
separates from parent
Term
External Spores (conidiospores)
Definition
- Filamentous bacteria
- Spores develop into new cells
-More common for fungi
Term
Fragmentation
Definition
New cells grow from fragments
Term
Bacterial Growth
Definition
Most culturable bacteria reproduce by binary fission
Term
Generation Time
Definition
Time required for cell number to double
Term
Lag Phase
Definition
-cell number not increasing
-metabolic activity is still going on
Term
Log Phase
Definition
-Increase in population of bacteria cells
-Exponential growth
-shortest generation time
-Greatest Growth
Term
Stationary Phase
Definition
-Nutrient depletion
-slows growth
-cell division=cell death
-waste product
-period of equilibrium
Term
Death Phase
Definition
-still cell division is occurring
-death is occurring faster rate than growth
-now death out weighs growth
Term
lag phase
Definition
In lab, you are asked to inoculate a Phenol Red broth with E. coli. You immediately place the tube in the 37C incubator. In which phase of the bacterial growth curve is your culture?
Term
death phase
Definition
You leave your culture in the 37C incubator for five days. In which phase is the culture most likely in when you remove it?
Term
Direct measurement
Definition
-Technique that involves some counting
- Count small sample & determine total population
Term
Indirect measurement
Definition
-Estimation of cell numbers without counting cells
- Turbidity, Mass, Spectrophotometry
Term
Plate Counts
Definition
Direct count

-Estimates live cells by counting colonies
-30-300 CFU/plate
-Pour plate method or spread plate method
Term
Filtration Method
Definition
-Volume passed through membrane (bacteria trapped)
- Transfer to plate and grow
-Count colonies and divide
by number of ml filtered (CFU/ml)
-Good when bacteria # is small
Can’t count 1CFU/ml
Ex. Water samples
(coliform bacteria)
Term
Direct Microscopic Count
Definition
Count number of cells spread over grid using a microscope

-Advantages: quick (no incubation required)
counts all cells (live and dead)
-Disadvantage: difficult to count motile bacteria
Term
Turbidity
Definition
-Indirect
-Uses spectrophotometer
Measures amount of light
passing through a sample
% transmittance
Absorbance
Term
Turbidity
Definition
-Advantage: quick and easy

-Disadvantages:
must be read during log phase
needs to be correlated to direct measurement
Term
Turbidity Method
Definition
-Indirect method of measurement
-Degree of cloudiness, turbidity, reflects the relative population size
-Advantage: quick and easy
-Disadvantages:
must be read during log phase
needs to be correlated to direct measurement
Term
Direct microscopic count
Definition
You are part of the Quality Control team that measures the microbial growth of Horizon milk. You are expected to deliver same-day results before the milk is shipped. Which of the following techniques do you most likely use for your job?
Term
Hypertonic Solutions
Definition
If concentrations of dissolved solutes are greater outside the cell, the concentration of water outside is correspondingly lower. As a result, water inside the cell will flow outwards to attain equilibrium, causing the cell to shrink. As cells lose water, they lose the ability to function or divide. Hypertonic environments such as concentrated brines or syrups have been used since antiquity for food preservation because microbial cells that would otherwise cause spoilage are dehydrated in these very hypertonic environments and are unable to function.
Term
General Characteristics of Viruses
Definition
-Not all have spikes
-Not all cause disease
-Requires electron Microspy
-All Acellular
-Either DNA or RNA genome
-Have to have a host cell
-Small amounts of DNA or RNA
-All have a protein capsid
Term
Virion
Definition
-fully developed virus particle, infectious
-if feature is missing it is not a virion
Term
Virus Genome
Definition
SS DNA

DS DNA-our genome

SS RNA

DS RNA-never seen in our genome unless infected by a virus
Term
capsid
Definition
protect nucleic acids
Term
Envelope
Definition
-not all viruses have a envelope
- around capsid
-came from host cell usually the PM from the host
-it has a envelope because it is most likely to dry out
Term
Influenza
Definition
-8 segmented genome
-Hemaglutin is the attachment
-Affect Respiratory system
- an RNA virus
Term
RNA Viruses
Definition
Go through Antigentic drift
Term
capsomeres
Definition
Virus Protein coat is made of
Term
nucleocapsid
Definition
-Protects nucleic acid
-Capsid + nucleic acid =
Term
Icosahedral or helical shape
Definition
Virus structure
Term
Viral structure:Enzymes
Definition
All viruses use some host machinery
Ribosomes
DNA polymerases
Drugs that interfere with these enzymes disrupt viral AND host cell function
Term
All RNA viruses need an RNA polymerase
We can target these with drugs!
Definition
Some Viruses package their own (viral) enzymes which is
Term
Enveloped viruses
Definition
-Phospholipid membrane around capsid
From host plasma or nuclear membrane

-Must stay moist during spread from host to host
Term
-Viral proteins and sugars bind host receptors
-Attachment factors on virion surface
Naked viruses
Enveloped viruses
-Determine host range of virus
Ex. Influenza & HIV
Definition
Viral Attachment Factors
Term
-viruses dont have a cell structure
-No domains
Definition
Why aren’t viruses classified according to the same taxonomic system as prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes?
Term
Determines how it gets copied
Definition
Virus Strategy for replication
Term
Obligate intracellular parasites

Host-specific

Can be cultured only inside living cells
Bacteria
Living animals
Chicken egg
Cultured cells
Definition
Growth of Viruses
Term
bacteriophage
Definition
Which of the following is a virus that infects bacteria?
Term
Virion
Definition
infective form
Term
Lytic cycle
Definition
multiplication in host cell in which host cell is disrupted to release virions
Term
Lysogenic cycle or latent phase
Definition
Dormant stage when virus is not undergoing “active” replication; host cell is not killed
Term
Lytic cycle
Definition
Which type of viral life cycle causes the host cell to die?
Term
lysozyme
Definition
Which of the following enzymes is necessary for T4 phage entry into and exit from a host bacterial cell like E. coli?
Term
Attachment
Definition
Bacteriophage:Tail fibers attach to cekk wall proteins

Animal virus:Attachment sites are plasma proteins and glycoproteins
Term
Penetration
Definition
Bacteriophage:viral DNA injected into host cell

Animal virus:CApsid enters by endocytosis or fusion
Term
Uncoating
Definition
Bacteriophage:not required

Animal virus:Enzymatic removal of capsid proteins
Term
Biosynthesis
Definition
Bacteriophage:in cytoplasm

Animal virus:In nucleus (DNA viruses) or cytoplasm (RNA viruses)
Term
Chronic Infection
Definition
Bacteriophage:Lysogeny

Animal virus:Latency; slow viral infections; cancer
Term
Release
Definition
Bacteriophage:Host cell lysed

Animal virus:Enveloped viruses bud out; nonenveloped viruses rupture plasma membrane
Term
Influenza Virus
Definition
-Enveloped RNA Virus
- Hemaglutinin and neuraminidase determine Influenza strains
Term
Antigenic Shift
Definition
Pigs susceptible to avian and human flu strains
Segmented genome allows mixing in pigs (intermediate host)
Term
-RNA remains in the cytoplasm
-All RNA viruses make an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
Copies RNA strand
(+ sense / - sense strands)
-Translation by host
-Virus Assembly
Definition
Animal Viral Biosynthesis: RNA Genomes
Term
-Viral DNA moves to the nucleus
-DNA is transcribed
-Translation by host ribosomes
-DNA is replicated in nucleus
-Virus assembles
Definition
Animal Viral Biosynthesis: DNA Genomes
Supporting users have an ad free experience!