What is special about autotrophs?

Hydrogen gas-(H₂)

Formic acid- CH₂O

Ammonia-NH₃

Nitrate-NO₃

Hydrogen Sulfide-H₂S

Oxygen-O₂

Sulfate-SO₄

Nitrate-NO₂

Nitrogen gas-N₂

Enzymes that lower the energy barriers, alowing electrons to pass.

-Energy is released each time an electron passes through an enzyme.

-Some enzymes can use tha energy to move protons out of the cytoplasm.

Where does the electron transport chain take place?

1) 2 electrons are passed from NADH to NDH-1(releasing 4 H⁺)

2) Electrons go from NDH-1 to Quinones(attaching 2 H⁺ to it)

3)Goes from Quinones to Cytochrome BO(realeasing 4 H⁺)

It consists of 4 complexes. 

1)Complex 1 takes electrons from NADH and passe's them to Coenzyme Q(releasing 4 H⁺)

2)Coenzyme Q delivers electrons to complex 3(releasing 2H⁺)

3)electrons pass to cytochrome C (releasing 2 H⁺)

4)Cytochrome C moves it electrons to complex 4, which are then transfered to O₂ making H₂O (releasing 2H⁺)

1)FADH₂ transfers its electrons to complex 2

2)Coenzyme Q picks up electrons and delivers them to complex 3(releasing 2H⁺)

3)Electrons from complex 3 to cytochrome C(releasing 2H⁺)

4)Cytochrome C moves electrons to complex 4

5)Complex 4 transfers electrons to O₂ making water.(releasing 2H⁺)

NADH moves 10 protons into the periplasm.

FADH₂ moves 6 protons into the periplasm,

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O_{2 ----->} 6CO₂ + 6H₂O

Photosynthesis is just the reverse of cellular respiration.

In what spectrum do purple photosynthetic bacteria absorb light?

What are there electron donor and acceptor?

What do purple photosynthetic bacteria not produce from H₂O?

-Purple photosynthetic bacteria absorb light in the infared spectrum. 

-P870 is both the electron donor and acceptor.

-They do not produce oxygen from H₂O.

1) light excites an electron on photosystem 2.

2) 2 electrons are donated to Quinone.

3)Quinone becomes Quinol(QH₂)

4)Quinol transfers electrons to cytochrome BC(two H⁺ are released)

5) electrons transfer to cytochrome c and return to photosystem 2.

What photosystems do cyanobacteria use?

What is there electron source?

-Photo-system 2(P680) and Photo-system 1(P700)

-They use H₂O as an electron source.

-They produce O₂ from H₂O.

1) 4 photons of light take 4 electrons from two molecules of H₂O(releasing 4 H⁺)

2) electrons transfer to two quinones.(becoming Quinol(QH₂))

3) two quinols transfer electrons to cytochrome bf(releasing 4 H⁺)

4)Plastocyanin transfers electrons to photo-system 1(releasing 4 H⁺)

5) light excites the electrons enabling the transfer to ferredoxin and NADP⁺(making NADPH)

The NADPH and ATP are used to make glucose.

The cost of one glucose molecules= 6CO₂+ 18atp+ 12 NADPH

Where does Glycolisis occur?

Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

Where does the electron transport chain take place?

Glycolisis occurs in the cytoplasm.

The citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria.

The electron transport chain is on the inner membrane of the mitochondria.

1 glucose molecule and 2 ATP are needed to carry out glycolysis.

2 NADH, 4 ATP and 2 pyruvate are the products.

1)Hexokinase adds a phosphate to pyruvate.(1 atp used)

2)Glucose isomers move a C-O bond.

3)Phosphofructokinase phosphorolates becoming 1,6 diphosphate.(1 atp used)

4) Aldolase splits the molecule creating DHAP and G3P

5)Triosphosphate isomers convert DHAP to G3P(2 G3P exist)

6)G3P dehydrogenase oxidizes the 1 carbon(creating 2 NADH)

7)Phophoglycerate kinase removes a phosphate group.(2 atp made)

8)Phosphoglyvertomutase moves the remaining phosphate to the middle carbon

9)enolase removes H₂O

10)Pyruvate kinases remove a phosphate and add it to ADP(2 atp made)

Sulfate-SO₄^-

Nitrate-NO₃

Sulfur-SO₂

CO₂

In aerobic respiration electrons are passed to O_2,

while in fermentation(anaerobic) they are passed to endogenous organic molecules.

The citris acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria. It occurs right after the transisition step.

Transition step reactants: 2 pyruvate go in

Products: 2 acetyl Co-enzyme A, 2 Co₂, and 2 NADH  are made.

reactants: 2 acetyl CO-A

products: 4 CO₂,2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH₂

note: during the cycle 2 Carbon will have to cycle through multiple times to be completely degraded.

Citric acid cycle intermediates are used in other processes.

-alpha ketoglutarate is used in amino acids.

-Oxaloacetate is used for amino acid and nucleotides.

(both intermeidates of Citric acid cycle)

Azotobacter=live in soil

Rhizobium=infect plant roots

Nodules=Tumors in plant roots that form around rhizobium

Alanine Dehydrogenase= which adds ammonia to pyruvate

Glutatmate= adds ammonia to a-Ketogluterate

Nitrogen Assimilation is the process in which Nitrogen are added to amino acids.

Membranes are selectively permeable. Some molecules pass through easily while other cannot.

-Non polar molecules can pass through membranes.

-Polar and ionic compounds cannot pass though membranes with out assistance.

hen a cell uses energy to move a solute against a concentration gradient.

-Can use ATP to transport compounds

Antiporter is one molecule moves in while another moves out.

Symporter is moving two molecules simultaneously.

1)use ATP to add CO₂ to pyruvate.(forms Oxaloacetate)

2)Phosphate from GTP binds to the middle bond, releasing CO₂.(forming Phosphenol Pyruvate)

3) Glycolisis and Gluconeogenisis enzymes are inhibited by the amount of glucose. They also inhibit ATP levels.

-glucose acts as a inhibitor for point of control enzymes