Term
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Definition
| the study of organisms of microscopic size |
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Term
| 6 characteristics of prokaryotes |
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Definition
1. smaller than eukaryotes
2. 1 circular chromosome
3. no nuclear membrane
4. peptidoglycan wall
5. no organelles
6. small ribosomes |
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Term
| 6 characteristics of eukaryotes |
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Definition
1. bigger than prokaryotes
2. multiple chromosomes
3. nuclear membrane
4. no peptidoglycan
5. organelles
6. big ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
1. bacteria
2. algae
3. fungi
4. protozoa
5. viruses |
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Term
| 4 characteristics of bacteria |
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Definition
1. prokaryotic
2. single celled
3. microscopic
4. widely distributed in nature |
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Term
| 5 characteristics of algae |
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Definition
1. both prokaryotic and eukaryotic
2. can be microscopic and macroscopic
3. perform photosynthesis
4. can be single celled or multicellular
5. do not cause infections |
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Term
| 4 characteristics of fungi |
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Definition
1. eukaryotic
2. micro and macroscopic
3. rigid cell wall, like plants
4. can be single celled or multicellular |
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Term
| 3 characteristics of protozoa |
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Definition
1. eukaryotic
2. single celled
3. no cell wall |
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Term
| 2 characteristics of viruses |
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Definition
1. no independent metabolism
2. replicate only inside living cells |
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Term
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Definition
| first to observe microorganisms in 1674 |
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Term
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Definition
| first use of vaccine against infectious disease |
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Term
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Definition
| first infection control investigator |
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Term
| louis pasteur-5 discoveries |
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Definition
1. germ theory of disease
2. changed hospital and patient care infection control practices
3. invented process of pastueurization
4. discovered vaccines
5. discovered rabies |
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Term
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Definition
| first to use agar plates and stains. discovered anthrax and tuberculosis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| bacterial cell shape coccus |
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Definition
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Term
| bacterial cell shape bacillus |
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Definition
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Term
| bacterial cell shape spirillium |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bacterial replication. one cell splits in half to two identical cells |
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Term
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Definition
| cocci that divide once along one plane and form pairs |
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Term
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Definition
| cocci that repeatedly divide in one plane and form chains |
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Term
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Definition
| cocci that divide along more than one plane and form clusters |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| bacilli palisade formation |
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Definition
| line up parallel to each other |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pili, fimbrae, capsules, adhesins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ribosomes, granules, cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| thick, rigid walls, can have other proteins and carbs on outside of wall extending out to environment |
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Term
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Definition
| located in periplasm where enzymatic rxns take place. thin, flexible wall. have 2 membranes- outer membrane outside cell wall, inner membrane inside cell wall. |
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Term
| bacterial cell wall functions(3) |
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Definition
1. protect cell membrane(semi-permeable)
2. protect from osmotic pressure
3. anchoring place for other structures |
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Term
| bacterial cell membrane(3) |
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Definition
1. lipid bilayer
2. made of glycerol phospholipids
3. semi-permeable |
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Term
| membrane transport proteins(3) |
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Definition
1. use passive diffusion
2. form channels to grab molecules and pull them through membrane
3. passive transport does not require energy |
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Term
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Definition
| power to make an object appear larger |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to separate objects-better than magnification |
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Term
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Definition
| simple stains and differential stains(most stains in microbiology are diff) |
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Term
| differential stains-2 types |
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Definition
gram stain-distinguishes bacteria
acid fast stain-distinguishes the genus |
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Term
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Definition
| stains everything in the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| intensifies the primary stain |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| shows what was decolorized |
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Term
| 4 main functions of cells |
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Definition
1. enclosure
2. generation and storage of energy
3. storage and replication of genetic info
4. synthesis of cell components |
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Term
| endocytosis aka pinocytosis |
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Definition
| membrane captures fluids and forms a vesicle(invaginates) |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane surrounds a solid object and internalizes to digest it |
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Term
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Definition
| cell pushes a vesicle toward the membrane, fuses with it and contents are released for export |
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Term
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Definition
1.sites of metabolic activity
2.move and store thing inside cell |
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Term
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Definition
1.hollow tubes and passages
2.ribosomes sit on membranes to make proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| sites of chemical synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| vesicles containing digestive enzymes |
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Term
| cell shape and movement(3 components) |
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Definition
1. cytoskeleton
2. actin protein fibers and microtubules
3. flagella allow cell to swim in fluid |
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Term
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Definition
1. contain enzymes
2. energy metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
1. capture energy from sunlight
2. contain photosynthetic enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
1. string together amino acids into proteins
2. eukaryotes-sit on endoplasmic reticulum, take amino acids from cytoplasm, form proteins inside er |
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Term
| studying bacterial growth(4) |
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Definition
1. requires that we observe them in pure culture
2. can only grow .1% of all bacteria
3. a pure culture is a population derived from a single cell
4. koch-discovered use of agar |
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Term
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Definition
1. bacteria physically seperated-each cell will grow into a single colony
2. bacteria are spread over a semi-solid medium containing nutrients
3. agar hold nutrient fluids in gel, bacteria will grow colonies on top |
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Term
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Definition
1. mix the bacteria into the molten fluid
2. pour into plates
3. let it harden |
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Term
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Definition
1. size is uniform within a species
2. grow in number, not size
3. when treated with antibiotics, can vary in size |
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Term
| bacteria divide by binary fission(3) |
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Definition
1. cell chromosome and contents double and move apart
2. cross wall forms and breaks apart, dividing cell
3. result- 2 equally sized daughter cells |
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Term
| direct cell plate count method(4) |
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Definition
1. mix cells in fluid suspension, pour onto petri plate
2. visible colony-represents one CFU-colony(cell) forming unit
3. CFU/mL calculated based on dilutions
4. more accurate |
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Term
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Definition
1. measure optical density of growing bacteria in a medium with a spectrophotometer
2. proportional to the cell number within a species
3. faster method |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| toxic effects of oxygen(2 types of radicals) |
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Definition
1. superoxide anion(O2-)
2. hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) |
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Term
| obligate(strict) aerobes(2) |
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Definition
1. require oxygen for metabolism
2. have catalase and superoxide dismutase |
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Term
| obligate(strict) anaerobes(2) |
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Definition
1. do not require oxygen for metabolism
2. no detoxifying enzymes- are killed by oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
1. can use but do not require oxygen
2. have detoxifying enzymes
3. growth is better with oxygen-respiration more efficient |
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Term
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Definition
| makes h2o out of peroxide |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| microaerophilic bacteria(2) |
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Definition
1. need a low level of oxygen
2. small amounts of detoxifying enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
1. cant use oxygen for metabolism
2. have detoxifying enzymes-growth is same with our without oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| low pH(<6), human pathogens living in stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| neutral pH 6-8, most human pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| how do bacteria control intracellular pH? |
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Definition
| cytoplasm buffering and active transport of ions |
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Term
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Definition
| the solute concentration required to prevent net flow of water across the cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| bacterial energy sources(2) |
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Definition
1. sunlight-phototrophs
2. chemicals-chemotrophs |
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Term
| bacterial carbon sources(2) |
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Definition
1. atmospheric CO2-autotrophs
2. organic chemicals-heterotrophs |
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Term
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Definition
1. contains some inhibitors of growth
2. suppresses growth of unwanted organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| allows differentiation of microorganims by appearance on the medium |
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Term
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Definition
| nutrients increase the desired microorganisms |
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Term
| in vitro growth-lag phase |
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Definition
| adaptation to medium, replication rate increasing, no cells dying |
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Term
| in vitro growth-log phase |
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Definition
| exponential growth, steady replication rate, no death |
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Term
| in vitro growth-stationary phase |
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Definition
| death rate equals replication rate |
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Term
| in vitro growth-death phase |
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Definition
| death rate outspaces replication rate |
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Term
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Definition
| destruction of all forms of microbial life |
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Term
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Definition
| destruction of disease causing microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
| disinfection safe for use on human tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| microbial control to public health standards |
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Term
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Definition
| make safte to handle, cide=kill, stat=inhibition |
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Term
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Definition
| heat treatment of food to prevent spoiling and kill certain microbial pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| physical or chemical treatment of food that inhibits microbial growth and spoilage |
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Term
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Definition
| the fewer the bacteria, the shorter time is takes to kill them |
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Term
| microbial killing- dry heat |
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Definition
| oxidizes(burns) cell components, hot air oven, incineration |
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Term
| microbial killing- heat with moisture |
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Definition
| hydrolyzes chemical bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| kills much faster than oxidation |
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Term
| positive features of heat(6) |
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Definition
| effective, fast, cheap, easy, reliable, non toxic |
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Term
| negative features of heat |
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Definition
| heat or moisture may damage some products |
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Term
| moist heat-the autoclave(3) |
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Definition
1. sterilizes
2. uses steam under pressure
3. for items that can get wet |
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Term
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Definition
1. cellulose filters for fluids have pores smaller than microorganisms
2. used for heat sensitive solutions
3. air filters-high efficiency particulate air |
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Term
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Definition
| dissolves lipids, disrupts membranes, proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| oxidize proteins, iodine and chlorine |
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Term
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Definition
| damages plasma membranes, residual activity on surfaces, powerful and long acting |
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Term
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Definition
| inactivates proteins and DNA, highly effective but hazardous |
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Term
| quarternary ammonium compounds |
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Definition
| disrupts cell membrane, general purpose low level disenfectant |
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Term
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Definition
| combine with -sh groups, denature proteins, used on burns |
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Term
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Definition
1. ethylene oxide gas-denatures proteins and DNA
2. plasma sterilizers-generates superoxide radicals |
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Term
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Definition
1. destroys DNA, gamma rays, x rays
2. used for foods and some hospital supplies |
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Term
| ultraviolet light radiation(3) |
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Definition
1. damages DNA
2. used for clean surfaces and biosafety cabinets
3. not very effective |
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Term
| preservation of products(3) |
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Definition
1. chemicals
2. temperature
3. reduce the available water |
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Term
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Definition
1. krebs cycle
2. glycolysis
3. pentose phosphate pathway |
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Term
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Definition
1. break down chemical bonds->release energy
2. synthesize own components |
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Term
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Definition
| sum of all chemical reactions inside cell |
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Term
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Definition
1. organic catalysts-protein
2. increase rate chem rxn
3. decrease activation energy of rxn
4. chemical bond formed or broken at active site
5. lock and key-specific for each substrate |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| enzymes made/controlled by DNA |
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Definition
| dna>rna>proteins(enzymes) |
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Term
| enzyme rates depend on 2 things: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. turn enzyme on or off
2. regulatory site
3. allosteric site |
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Term
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Definition
| wrong substrate in active site |
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Term
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Definition
1. synthesize larger molecules/components from smaller ones
2. require energy-form chem bonds |
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Term
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Definition
1. take larger molecules/components and break them up
2. release energy- into chem bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| couple anabolic and catabolic rxns to transfer energy |
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Term
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Definition
-stored and transferred in chemical bonds
1. ATP-2 breakable phosphate bonds
2. NAD/NADP-stores/releases hydrogen atoms |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| removing H-releases energy |
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Term
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Definition
1. synthesize large molecules from smaller ones
2. add H
3. require energy |
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Term
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Definition
1. break up large molecules into smaller ones
2. remove H
3. release energy |
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Term
| central metabolic pathways(3) |
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Definition
1. sugar for carbs
2. amino acids for proteins
3. nucleic acids for RNA and DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| most common: glucose->6-c sugar C6H12O6-> 2 3C pyruvate-> 2ATP, 2NADH per glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| anaerobic: pyruvate-> lactic acid or acetaldehyde |
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Term
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Definition
| aka respiration: glycolysis-> pyruvate-> 3CO2+H2O-> 15ATP |
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Term
| pentose phosphate pathway |
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Definition
alternative to glycolysis: only 2ATP
makes 4C molecules and 5C ribose for RNA and DNA |
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Term
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Definition
1. uses chlorophyll
2. captures light energy
3. aka calvin cycle
4. opposite of respiration |
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