Term
| botulism signs & symptoms - |
|
Definition
| dizziness, dry mouth, blurred vision, abdominal pain/vomiting/diarrhea/constipation, progressive paralysis, respiratory paralysis/death |
|
|
Term
| botulism causative organism - |
|
Definition
| Clostridium botulinum - anaerobic gram positive spore forming rod-shaped |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| C. bot. releases botulinum toxin (A-B), attaches to motor neurons blocks muscle contraction causing flaccid paralysis, in infants causes int. paralysis constipation, lethargy, respiratory issues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| endospores in soil/water worldwide, (honey for babies), foodborn & dirty needles |
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|
Term
| botulism prevent & treat how - |
|
Definition
| prevent with sterilization/sealing of food when canning (to 100C for at least 15 mins), antitoxin administered, but toxin can circulate for weeks, immunity does not build |
|
|
Term
| cholera signs & symptoms - |
|
Definition
| potentially fatal diarrhea, 20 L a day of "rice water", vomiting muscle cramps - dehydration causes organ failure |
|
|
Term
| cholera causative organism - |
|
Definition
| Vibrio cholerae - gram negative rod, killed by acid, large numbers needed to pass stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pilli adhere to small intestine, produce cholera toxin (A-B), high levels of cAMP at membrane, electrolytes exit cells water with it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fecally contaminated water most common source, foods too, excretes in feces of active infection |
|
|
Term
| cholera prevent & treat how - |
|
Definition
| sanitation, safe/clean/water, oral vaccines outside the U.S. - treat with fluid/electrolytes, reduces mortality from 30% to 1% |
|
|
Term
| dental caries signs & symptoms - |
|
Definition
| advanced before any symptoms, throbbing pain |
|
|
Term
| dental caries causative organism - |
|
Definition
| Streptococcus mutans - gram positive cocci, live only on teeth, thrive in acidic environment (<pH5) |
|
|
Term
| dental caries pathogenesis - |
|
Definition
| cocci adhere to pellicle of tooth, making plaque, sucrose is split glucans make thicker biofilm & lactic acid, promotes decay |
|
|
Term
| dental caries epidemiology - |
|
Definition
| worldwide, depends on sucrose intake and preventative dental care, genetics play a role. Peaks in teen years - pits & fissures wear down with time. |
|
|
Term
| dental caries prevent & treat how - |
|
Definition
| prevent by reducing length of time sugary foods on teeth, brush/flossing. Treaty by drill out cavity, fill defect. Fluoride hardens enamel |
|
|
Term
| clostridial myonecrosis signs & symptoms - |
|
Definition
| sudden/dramatic, severe pain, swelling, frothy brownish/bloody fluid leaking from wound, skin stretched/mottled-black |
|
|
Term
| clostridial myonecrosis causative organism - |
|
Definition
| Clostridium perfringens, encapsulated gram-positive toxin-producer found in soil & dust everywhere |
|
|
Term
| clostridial myonecrosis pathogenesis - |
|
Definition
| dirt/dead tissue in wound, long delay before treatment - only grows well in anaerobic conditions & with growth factors from dead tissue. Releases alpha toxin - destroys cell membranes,…organisms release H and CO2 |
|
|
Term
| clostridial myonecrosis epidemiology - |
|
Definition
| neglected trauma wounds, self-induced abortions, arteriosclerosis & diabetes can cause poor oxygenated and contribute, cancer |
|
|
Term
| clostridial myonecrosis prevent & treat how - |
|
Definition
| prevented by debridement- treated by prompt removal of dead/infected tissues, penicillin to stop growth/toxins, hyperbaric O2 treatment |
|
|
Term
| gonorrhea signs & symptoms - |
|
Definition
| pain during urination, pus discharge - leads to scar tissue formation in urethra, pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy….disseminated gonoccoal infection in joints, newborn eye infections |
|
|
Term
| gonorrhea causative organism - |
|
Definition
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae - gram negative diplococcus, has a lipooligosaccharide (LOS) lipid membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| human specific, attaches to (non-squamous, non-ciliated) epithelial cells, proteases destroy IgA, makes capsule with sialic acid resists phagocytosis, LOS similar to red blood cells not detected, antigenic & pilli variation..does not create memory immunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2nd highest STI after chlamydia, humans only, lives on mucous membranes, direct sexual contact. BC, asymptomatic infections, lack of immunity contribute |
|
|
Term
| gonorrhea prevent & treat how - |
|
Definition
| prevent with safe sex, treat with cephalosporins (Cipro), newborns prevent with erythromycin in eyes w/in 1 hour of birth |
|
|
Term
| group a streptococcal flesh eaters signs & symptoms - |
|
Definition
| severe pain, swelling, spread rapidly inflammation & destruction of subcutaneous fatty tissue &fascia, can destroy muscle too, toxic shock (superantigen) |
|
|
Term
| group a streptococcal flesh eaters causative organism - |
|
Definition
| Streptococcus pyogenes, Beta hemolytic, gram positive, Lancefield group A cell wall polysaccharide, nonantigenic capsule |
|
|
Term
| group a streptococcal flesh eaters pathogenesis - |
|
Definition
| has fibronectin binding protein (F protein) that helps colonize wounds, makes superantigens exotoxin-A and SPE's |
|
|
Term
| group a streptococcal flesh eaters epidemiology - |
|
Definition
| only 2% of deaths due to S. pyogenes are necrotizing, diabetes, cancer, alcoholism, AIDS…increases risk |
|
|
Term
| group a streptococcal flesh eaters prevent & treat how - |
|
Definition
| spreads so fast, immediate surgery/amputation needed to reduce pressure & remove dead tissue, penicillin only effective early, no vaccines yet |
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|
Term
| hansen's disease signs & symptoms - |
|
Definition
| pigment, sensation changes, then then thickening, nerves enlarged due to pain, muscle wasting, loss of fingers/toes, sunken nose |
|
|
Term
| hansen's disease causative organism - |
|
Definition
| Mycobacterium leprae - acid-fast aerobic rod, prefers cooler temps of extremities |
|
|
Term
| hansen's disease pathogenesis - |
|
Definition
| only known human antigen that preferentially infects peripheral nerves, stopped in tuberculoid leprosy, continues in lepromatous leprosy - long incubation period of up to 20 years makes it hard to catch & eradicate |
|
|
Term
| hansen's disease epidemiology - |
|
Definition
| human-to-human contact, nasal secretions, occur in 9-banded armadillos |
|
|
Term
| hansen's disease prevent & treat how - |
|
Definition
| no vaccines - tuberculoid treated with dapsone/rifampin for 6 mths, lepromatous add clofazimine for 2 years |
|
|
Term
| legionnaire's disease signs & symptoms - |
|
Definition
| begins with headache, muscle aches, high fever, confusion, chills, dry cough, blood sputum..pleurisy, shortness of breath 1/4 has GI symptoms |
|
|
Term
| legionnaire's disease causative organism - |
|
Definition
| Legionella pneumophila, gram negative rod stains poorly, requires fluorescent antibody test |
|
|
Term
| legionnaire's disease pathogenesis - |
|
Definition
| by breating aerosolized contaminated water, healthy people resistant but smokers and impaired susceptible. Lodge in/near alveoli, promote phagocytosis,ingested but survive by preventing phagosome/lysosome fusion, multiply inside. Alveolar necrosis & inflammatory response, bacteremia, fatal respiratory failure in 15%. |
|
|
Term
| legionnaire's disease epidemiology - |
|
Definition
| Legionella pneumophila widespread in warm natural waters, live & multiply in amebas. Survive in hot water systems, where chlorine generally low |
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|
Term
| legionnaire's disease prevent & treat how - |
|
Definition
| treated with high doses of ertythromycin/rifampin. Equipment design & cleaning, lab test not simple enough for environmental monitoring |
|
|
Term
| Lyme disease signs & symptoms - |
|
Definition
| early localized - circular rash (erythema migrans), flu-like, early disseminated - electrical conduction impaired, nervous system (paralysis, severe headache, emotional instability…), late persistent infection - arthritis |
|
|
Term
| Lyme disease causative organism - |
|
Definition
| Borrelia burgdorferi - large gram negative spirochete, unusual bacterium linear chromosome, with circular/linear plasmids..infects different species |
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|
Term
| Lyme disease pathogenesis - |
|
Definition
| bite of infected tick, LPS layer cause inf. Reaction, then dissemination …suggests an autoimmune response |
|
|
Term
| Lyme disease epidemiology - |
|
Definition
| is an animal disease with humans as accidental host, mice lizards, ticks, black legged deer tick most important, 80% infected on East Coast, infected ticks & mice are main reservoirs |
|
|
Term
| Lyme disease prevent & treat how - |
|
Definition
| no vaccine, avoid exposure - early stage treatment with antibiotics, late stage prolonged treatment with intravenous ampicillin or ceftriaxone cures |
|
|
Term
| Meningococcal meningitis signs & symptoms - |
|
Definition
| mild cold, then severe throbbing headache, fever, pain stiffness, nausea/vomiting, petechiae - purplish spots on skin, septic shock can lead to rapid death |
|
|
Term
| Meningococcal meningitis causative organism - |
|
Definition
| Neisseria meningitidis - called meningococcus, gram negative encapsulated diplococcus |
|
|
Term
| Meningococcal meningitis pathogenesis - |
|
Definition
| inhaled in airborne droplets, attach pili to mucous membranes & multiply. Proteins allow them to pass through epithelial cells into bloodstream. capsule avoids phagocytosis/complement system. blebs of outer membranes, causes vasodilation/capillary leakage, drop in blood pressure. Capillary damage causes petechiae |
|
|
Term
| Meningococcal meningitis epidemiology - |
|
Definition
| spread through droplets in crowded/stressed populations, meningitis belt between Senegal/Ethiopia |
|
|
Term
| Meningococcal meningitis prevent & treat how - |
|
Definition
| treated with penicillin or ceftriaxone, fatality less than 10%, vaccine available and encouraged for college freshmen |
|
|
Term
| Pinkeye, earache, sinus infections signs & symptoms - |
|
Definition
| conjunctivitis, otitis media, sinusitis - infections, sometimes with fever, pus |
|
|
Term
| Pinkeye, earache, sinus infections causative organism - |
|
Definition
| Haemophilus influenzae - gram neg rod, Streptococcus pneumoniae - gram positive encapsulated diplococcus (aka pneumococcus) |
|
|
Term
| Pinkeye, earache, sinus infections pathogenesis - |
|
Definition
| conjunctitivitis - resist destruction by lysozyme, attachment aided by degradation of mucin otitis & sinusitis usually preceeded by infection of nasal chamber & nasopharynx, spreads damages ciliated cells can't move pus |
|
|
Term
| Pinkeye, earache, sinus infections epidemiology - |
|
Definition
| carrier rates may be 80%, viral illness common in OM and Sitis, likely damages mucociliary mechanism, older children develop immunity less OM, but Sinusitis may persist |
|
|
Term
| Pinkeye, earache, sinus infections prevent & treat how - |
|
Definition
| handwashing, treat with amoxicillin eye drops, ointments for eyes, preventive antibiotics for frequent OM (ampicillin or sulfasoxazole) |
|
|
Term
| Pneumococcal pneumonia signs & symptoms - |
|
Definition
| runny nose, congestion - then cough, fever, chest pain, sputum (pus & other material coughed up from lungs)…sudden rise in temp. and single intense chill |
|
|
Term
| Pneumococcal pneumonia causative organism - |
|
Definition
| Streptococcus pneumoniae - gramp positive encapsulated diplococcus aka pneumococcus) |
|
|
Term
| Pneumococcal pneumonia pathogenesis - |
|
Definition
| thick polysaccharide capsule causes virulence, pneumococci inhaled into alveoli, multiply rapidly causing inflammatory response. Affects nerve endings causes pain (pleurisy), serum and phagocytic cells accumulate, causes breathing difficulty. May enter blood and cause - sepsis, endocarditis, meningitis. does not destroy lung tissue |
|
|
Term
| Pneumococcal pneumonia epidemiology - |
|
Definition
| 30% carry encapsulated pneumococci in throat, mucociliary escalator prevents travel to lungs….in alchol/narcotic use, and influenza, is impaired, also with heart/lung disease diabetes, cancer |
|
|
Term
| Pneumococcal pneumonia prevent & treat how - |
|
Definition
| vaccine available, treat with penicillin or erythromycin early on |
|
|
Term
| Salmonellosis (gastroenteritis) signs & symptoms - |
|
Definition
| diarrhea/bloody, cramps, nausea/vomiting, headache, fever - often short lived, mild but depends on serotype (2400) |
|
|
Term
| Salmonellosis causative organism - |
|
Definition
| Salmonella enterica - gram negative member of Enterobacteriaceae |
|
|
Term
| Salmonellosis pathogenesis - |
|
Definition
| killed by acid, large numbers needed to pass stomach, attach to receptors on SI epithelium, activate type III secretion, bacteria multiply and cause localized infection, inflammatory response increased epithelial cell fluid secretion, causes diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| Salmonellosis epidemiology - |
|
Definition
| mostly from non-human source, survive in soil/water, poultry eggs, tomatoes, yeast…children infected by pets |
|
|
Term
| Salmonellosis prevent & treat how - |
|
Definition
| sanitary handling of animal carcasses, pasteurizing/irradiating, cooking frozen poultry past 160C….most recover w/o antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| Staphylococcal wound infections signs & symptoms - |
|
Definition
| pyogenic - pus, swelling, redness, pain…toxic shock can occur, rash/diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| Staphylococcal wound infections causative organism - |
|
Definition
| Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis - gram positive cocci in clusters, hardy thrive on dry/salty skin |
|
|
Term
| which of staph infections more serious |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Staphylococus aureus - wound infections pathogenesis - |
|
Definition
| many - F protein, lipase, proteases, hyaluronidase..capsules, coagulase, protein A prevent immune attack, may cause systemic complications and superantigens that cause toxic shock |
|
|
Term
| Staphylococus epidermidis - wound infections pathogenesis - |
|
Definition
| can't enter intact skin, invades surgical sites, binds fibronectin, may produce slime layer/biofilm, antibiotics can't diffuse in |
|
|
Term
| Staphylococcus aureus wound infections epidemiology - |
|
Definition
| carriers at increased risk, age, poor health, etc increase risk factors |
|
|
Term
| Staphylococcus epidermidis wound infections epidemiology - |
|
Definition
| normal microbiota found on skin/mucous membranes, is an opportunistic that causes disease in immunocompromised |
|
|
Term
| Staphylococcal wound infections treat how - |
|
Definition
| can be difficult due to methillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), HA-MRSA worse then CA-MRSA. CA - treated with sulfa drugs, tetracyclines, clindamycin 75% cure, HA only vancomycin |
|
|
Term
| Staphylococcal wound infections prevent how - |
|
Definition
| wounds thoroughly cleaned, surgical wounds closed quickly, antibiotics given before surgery |
|
|
Term
| Strep throat signs & symptoms - |
|
Definition
| streptococcal pharyngitis - sore throat, difficulty swallowing, fever, pus, lymph nodes enlarged. Most recover in a week, or have no/mild symptoms. |
|
|
Term
| Strep throat causative organism - |
|
Definition
| Streptococcus pyogenes, Beta hemolytic, gram positive, Lancefield group A cell wall polysaccharide, nonantigenic capsule, M protein strains cause strep throat |
|
|
Term
| Strep throat pathogenesis - |
|
Definition
| destructive enzymes & toxins released, M proteins promotes adhestion, F protein adheres to fibrin…streptokinase prevents blood clots…produce SPE (high fever) |
|
|
Term
| Strep throat epidemiology - |
|
Definition
| infects only humans, spread easily by respiratory droplets, also food contamination. Highest in grade school children, winter, spring |
|
|
Term
| Strep throat prevent & treat how - |
|
Definition
| no vaccine, adequate ventilation, avoid crowding - throat culture, treat with penicillin or erythromycin |
|
|
Term
| Syphillis signs & symptoms - stages |
|
Definition
| "great imitator" primary, secondary, latent, tertiary…congenital |
|
|
Term
| Syphillis signs & symptoms - Primary & secondary |
|
Definition
| chancre on skin (3 wks after), sometimes unnoticed, spreads systemically rash on palms/soles, white patches on mucous membranes…flu-like, liver & renal disease, into laten stage (1/4 recover, 1/2 progress to tertiary) |
|
|
Term
| Syphillis signs & symptoms - Tertiary |
|
Definition
| after a latent period, gummas - localized tissue destruction (like tubercles), aneurysm of ascending aorta, neurosyphillis, personality change blindness, vertigo…contributes to HIV progression |
|
|
Term
| Syphillis causative organism - |
|
Definition
| Treponema pallidum - motile spirochete, must be grown in rabit testicles because it does not grow in vitro |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| easily penetrates mucous membranes, infectious dose very low, avoids destruction by the body's defenses & can persist for years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transmitted by sexual intercourse, kissing |
|
|
Term
| Syphillis prevent & treat how - |
|
Definition
| easily treated with penicillin, no vaccine, congenital prevented by treating mother before 4th month of pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| Tetanus signs & symptoms - |
|
Definition
| continuous painful muscle cramps, often begin in jaw, leads to breathing difficulty, abnormal heart rhythms, death by pneumonia or regurgitatoin of stomach acid into lungs |
|
|
Term
| Tetanus causative organism - |
|
Definition
| Clostridium tetani, sporeforming Gram positive - widespread in dust/dirt, also in fecal contamination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| C. tetani itself not invasive generally localized to wound, but tetanospasmin (A-B exotoxin) released, prevents release of muscle neurotransmitter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| puncture wounds, surgery - in underdeveloped countries babies die from contaminated umbilical cords cutting |
|
|
Term
| Tetanus prevent & treat how - |
|
Definition
| vaccination by TIG (tetanus immune globulin) antibodies, bind to free toxin. Muscle relaxants & ventilator given if already bound, affected nerves repair selves eventually. Wound cleaned & metronidazole given to kill |
|
|
Term
| Tuberculosis signs & symptoms - |
|
Definition
| initial asymptomatic, then latent tuberculosis infection, then active tuberculosis disease - slight fever, weight loss, night sweats, persistant cough, blood-streaked sputum |
|
|
Term
| Tuberculosis causative organism - |
|
Definition
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis - the tubercle bacillus, acid fast rod, slow growth (hard to detect) |
|
|
Term
| Tuberculosis pathogenesis - |
|
Definition
| M. tuberculosis cells inhaled, alveolar macrophages engulf but do not destroy, tubercles develop then Ghon foci. Area of necrosis in tubercle called "caseous" (cheesy), causes large lung defect and spreads. |
|
|
Term
| Tuberculosis epidemiology - |
|
Definition
| transmission primarily by respiratory route, <10 org cause disease. Mantoux test shows redness/swelling if infected. |
|
|
Term
| Tuberculosis prevent & treat how - |
|
Definition
| multiple meds, many months - rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol. Directly observed therapy short course used to ensure compliance. Resistance a growing problem. ID'ing LTBI important - treated with isoniazid 9 mths. |
|
|
Term
| is TB vaccine available and used |
|
Definition
| Vaccine available, but not used in US because causes positive Mantoux test, prevents detection/treating LTBI. |
|
|
Term
| Whooping cough signs & symptoms - |
|
Definition
| catarrhal (inflammation of mucous membranes) - upper RTI, then paroxysmal (repeated sudden attacks) of violent coughing followed by whooping inhale, vomit/seizures/cyanotic, convalescent (slow recovery) |
|
|
Term
| Whooping cough causative organism - |
|
Definition
| Bordetella pertussis - encapsulated, aerobic Gram-neg rod |
|
|
Term
| Whooping cough pathogenesis - |
|
Definition
| inhaled, attaches to ciliated cells of respiratory epithelium, grow in dense masses on epithelial surfaces but do not invade the cells. Causes host cells to release fever-inducing cytokine, whch is toxic to ciliated epithelial cells. Only cough remains to clear mucus |
|
|
Term
| Whooping cough epidemiology - |
|
Definition
| highly contagious, spread via secretions suspended in air, childhood disease |
|
|
Term
| Whooping cough prevent & treat how - |
|
Definition
| vaccine used - ertythromicin given during catarrhal stage, antibiotics ineffective during paroxysmal stage. (vaccine combo w/ diphtheria, tetanus) |
|
|
Term
| gastritis signs & symptoms - |
|
Definition
| asymptomatic to belching, vomiting, ulcers, stomach cancer |
|
|
Term
| gastritis causative organism - |
|
Definition
| Helicobacter pylori - microaerophilic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| survive acid env by producing urease (converts urea to ammonia), burrowing in mucuous layer with flagella. Produce CagA and VacA…thinning of mucus layer causes ulcers, persists for years/life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1/5 infected in US, clusters in families - transmits by fecal/oral route, contaminated well-water, flies transmit |
|
|
Term
| gastritis prevent & treat how - |
|
Definition
| 2 antibiotics and acid inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| what in Mycobacterium tuberculosis makes them unusually resistant to drying, disinfecttants, and strong acids & alkali |
|
Definition
| large amount of complex glycolipids called mycolic acid |
|
|
Term
| how do the mycolic acids prevent destruction |
|
Definition
| prevent fusion of the phagosome with the lysosome |
|
|
Term
| positive coagulase test distinguishes what |
|
Definition
| Staphylococcus aureus from other staph strains |
|
|
Term
| why can biofilms be a serious problem |
|
Definition
| diffusion of meds is slow/ineffective, can come loose and move to heart/other tissues |
|
|
Term
| which pathogens are encapsulated (7) |
|
Definition
| N. gonorrhoeae (LOS), Str. pyogenes, N. meningitidis, Str. pneumoniae, Staph. aureus, B. Pertussis, C. perfringens |
|
|
Term
| which pathogens are sporeformers |
|
Definition
| Clostridiums, botulinum, tetani, perfringen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| C. perfringen,C. botulinum, C. tetani |
|
|
Term
| which is a single intense chill |
|
Definition
| pneumococcal pneumonia, Strep. pneumoniae |
|
|
Term
| which requires special fluorescent staining |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which requires rich medium such as chocolate agar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which does not replicate in vitro & is difficult to see except with dark field microscopy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mycobacteriums- tuberculosis, leprae |
|
|
