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Micro 2123 Test 1
Micro 2123 Test 1 OSU Picking
68
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
09/13/2010

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Eukaryote vs Prokaryotes
Definition
Prokaryotes lack defined nucleus
Term
Prokaryote groups
Definition
Bacteria and Achaea
Term
Eukaryote groups
Definition
Algae Protists Fungi Viruses
Term
Robert Hooke
Definition
First to observe small microbes
Term
Van Leeuwenhoek
Definition
discovers bacteria
Term
Pasteur
Definition
Shoes that microbes do not spontaneous generate...also germ theory of disease
Term
Robert Kock's and Postulates
Definition
Does it cause disease? Then must meet four criteria

Microbes always present in sick beings

Microbe can be grown in pure culture

If Microbe is introduced into being then being becomes sick

Same Microbe is re-isolateable
Term
Resolution
Definition
Ability to distinguish two points
Term
Cocci Shaped
Definition
Spheres found in bunches, chains, and quartets
Term
Bacilli Shape
Definition
Sticks rods found alone or in chain
Term
Vibrois
Definition
Bent rods
Term
Irregular shape
Definition
Just know, nothing specific
Term
Bright Field Microscopy
Definition
Simple form of magnification but requires visible light and lack of high contrast
Term
Steps of Gram Staining (Positive)
Definition
1.Add crystal Violet to Cells which stains the cell reversibly
2.Add iodine, a mordant that bonds CV to gram positive cells.
3.Wash with ethanol
4. Add counter stain and the cell remains dark purple
Term
Steps of Gram Staining (Negative)
Definition
1. Add CV which stains cell reversibly
2. Add iodine, mordant which yields nothing on gram negative.
3. Wash with ethanol which removes stain in gram negative cells
4. Add counter stain which stains gram negative cells
Term
Dark Field Microscopy
Definition
Reveals small structures like Ribosomes and Flagella
Term
Gram Positive vs Negative Cell Wall
Definition
Positive have think cell wall that absorbs stain while negative has thin cell wall
Term
Election Microscopy
Definition
Reveals very small structures in depth
Term
The Bacteria Cell Envelope General
Definition
Cytoplasm is surrounded by envelope. The envelope is made with a lipid membrane that makes semi permeable barrier that prevents chemical equilibrium with the outside world.
Term
Bacteria Cell Cytoplasm General
Definition
Reaction Center. Contains Ribosomes.
Term
Bacteria Cell Nucleoid General
Definition
Houses DNA, Enzymes, home of transcription process
Term
Cell Membrane Specific
Definition
Made of a lipid bi layer. Hydrofilic Heads and hydrophobic tails. Head is a sacride while tail is a fatty acid chain.
Term
Bacteria Cell Wall
Definition
Most Bacteria have. Peptodeglycian gives bacteria its shape and rigidity. The Beta 1-4 Bonds are the key.
Term
Storage Granules
Definition
Intra Cellular deposits of material. Can be a number of things. Glycogen, PHB, Polyphosphate, sulfar, ec
Term
Fimbria and pili appendages
Definition
Thin filaments of protein that are used for adherence. Essential for bacterial pathogenesis.
Term
Flagella
Definition
Motility Structure. Long, helical protein filaments attached at end or over whole cell. Rotate to propel cell, driven by protien passage and pump.
Term
Chemotaxis
Definition
Chemical driven movement with flagella. Attractants cause counterclockwise rotation. Repellents cause clockwise rotation.
Term
Electron Flow
Definition
Drives all life processes. Drives ions in and out of cells, used to create ATP.
Term
Lithotrophs
Definition
Use inorganic molecules to start electron transport train.
Term
Organotrophs
Definition
Organic molecules are elctron donors.
Term
Ultimate electron Acceptor
Definition
Inorganic Molecule - respiration - Oxygen Usually
Organic Molecule - Fermentation
Term
Proton Motive force
Definition
electrons are passed along a chain through a series of receptors while protons are pushed outside the membrane. Drives production of ATP, also can be used to drive movement.
Term
Phototrophs
Definition
Intial energy for electron transports chain comes from light
Term
Chemotrophs
Definition
Inital energy for electron transport chain comes from chemical sources. Mineral Oxidation.
Term
Autotrophy
Definition
Cell makes own components by fixing inorganic carbon
Term
Hetrotrophy
Definition
Cell makes components from organic molecules taken up
Term
Passive Diffusion
Definition
Free flow, following gradeint of material, of molecules into the cell
Term
Facilitated Diffusion
Definition
Transporters pass molecules in an out of cell, follows gradient.
Term
Uniporter
Definition
Single Molecule facilitated diffusion & typically in one direction
Term
Active Transport
Definition
Uses ATP energy to pass material into cell, transports against the gradient
Term
Symport and Antiport
Definition
Active transport with the gradient: Symport

Active Transport against the gradient: Antiport
Term
Phosphotransferase system PTS
Definition
Active transport that modifies material as it enters cell.
Term
Bacteria Growth by Binary Fission
Definition
Phases
Lag-Cells synthesizing materials, not dividing

Log Phase = Exponential Growth

Stationary Phase - Cells no longer growing

Death Phase - Death rate > growth Rate

Nt=Starting * 2^nth (Generations)
Term
Biofilms
Definition
Cells act together, can be mulitple species. the cells signal to each other - quorum sensing. Biofilms protect against dispersion and antibiotics.
Term
Exopolysaccharide EPS
Definition
Used to hold the biofilm together
Term
Endospores
Definition
Gram Positve Cells only - Defense mechanism that disseminates cells. Low water content. Dipicolinic acid DPA, responsible for cell toughness, traps water
Term
Mesophiles
Definition
Typical bacteria have optimal growth range 20c to 40c, survivable at 15c to 45c roughly
Term
Psychrophiles
Definition
Low temperature bacteria - have loose proteins and oil cell membrane from unsaturated fatty acids.
Term
Thermophiles
Definition
High Temperature Bacteria - Very stable proteins, less fluid in membrane with saturated fatty acids
Term
Hyperthermophiles
Definition
Extremely high temperatures, higher then boiling sometimes
Term
Psychrotrophs
Definition
Can grow at extremely low temperatures, however not optimally
Term
Halophiles
Definition
Survive high salt concentrations
Term
Barophiles
Definition
Can survive high pressures
Term
Water activity
Definition
Amount of water available for cell use
Term
Acidophiles and Alkalineophiles
Definition
can survive high pH ranges, however must maintain near neutral internal pH
Term
Dvalue
Definition
Time it takes agent or condition to kill 90% of a bacterial population
Term
Pasteurization
Definition
Using heat to kill bacteria
Term
Steam Autoclave
Definition
Uses pressure and heat to kill bacteria and spores
Term
Use of Cold
Definition
Slows growth and preserves bacteria
Term
Filtration
Definition
Removes microbes without killing them
Term
Disinfectant
Definition
Kills microbes on a surface
Term
Antisepctic
Definition
Kills bacteria on skin
Term
Antibodies
Definition
used to kill specific bacteria inside a body
Term
Thylakoide Membranes
Definition
Folded over protein structures where photosynthesis takes place
Term
LPS Lipopolysaccharide
Definition
Gram negative envelope component. Hydrofilic O-polysaccharide head bonded to core polysaccharide bonded to fatty acid hydrophobic tail.
Term
Peptodeglycain
Definition
Bacteria Cell Wall molecule different for gram positive and gram negative
Term
Peptodiglycan Gram negative
Definition
Backbone chain (alternating N-acetyl muramic acid [NAM] and N-acetyl glucosamine [NAG])
Crosslinks bound to NAM:
Gram negative (4 amino acids, crosslink between DAP and D-Ala) L-Alanine D-Glutamate
Diaminopimelic acid [DAP]
D-Alanine
Term
Peptidoglycan Gram Positive
Definition
Backbone chain (alternating N-acetyl muramic acid [NAM] and N-acetyl glucosamine [NAG])
Crosslinks bound to NAM:
ram positive (9 amino acids, crosslink being a 5-Gly bridge between L-Lys and D-Ala) L-Alanine
D-Glutamate
L-Lysine
D-Alanine
Glycine (5 of these as part of crosslink)
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