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Carolus Linnaeus established the system in 1735.
Each organism has two names: the genus and specific epithet. |
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cell walls in bacteria,
Unicellular prokaryotes |
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| The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter |
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Rudolf Virchow said cells arise from preexisting cells.
Cell Theory: All living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells. |
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| build immunity and can also be killed virulent microbe, isolated components, or genetically engineered |
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| made in the lab) or antibiotics. |
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| chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes |
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Microbes normally present in and on the human body
prevent growth of pathogens.
produce growth factors such as folic acid and vitamin K. |
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| When a pathogen overcomes the host’s resistance, disease results. |
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| Emerging Infectious Diseases |
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| New or changing diseases that have developed in recent years and diseases increasing in incidence or have the potential to increase |
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The science of classifying organisms
Provides universal names for organisms
Provides a reference for identifying organisms
Taxa/taxon = group |
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| The study of the evolutionary history of organisms |
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• Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology
Provides identification schemes for identifying bacteria and archaea
Morphology, differential staining, biochemical tests
Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
Provides phylogenetic information on bacteria and archaea
Based on rRNA sequencing |
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A population of cells with similar characteristics
Clone: Population of cells derived from a single cell
Strain: Genetically different cells within a clone, e.g., E. coli 0157:H7 |
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| A group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves |
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| Population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche |
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| Population of cells derived from a single cell |
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| Genetically different cells within a clone, e.g., E. coli 0157:H7 |
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| Know how microbes impact our daily lives. |
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Decompose organic waste
Aid in our digestion and the synthesis of vitamins
Commercial applications
Produce industrial chemicals
Produce fermented foods
Produce insulin |
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Unicellular prokaryotes
Shapes: bacillus, coccus, spiral
Peptidoglycan cell walls
Binary fission
Escherichia coli (a.k.a. E. coli) lives in the gut, where it helps digest food and produces Vitamin K. |
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Unicellular prokaryotes
Lack peptidoglycan if cell wall present
Live in extreme environments
little rods or tiny balls, and some even get around like bacteria, using long hair- or whip-like appendages called flagella
Halobacteria are salt-loving microbes that give a pink tinge to salt water evaporation ponds, the Dead Sea and salted fish. |
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Eukaryotes
Chitin cell walls
Reproduce sexually or asexually
Molds and mushrooms are multicellular
Yeasts are unicellular
Candida albicans causes yeast infections. |
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Unicellular eukaryotes
Some are parasites
May be motile
Reproduce sexually or asexually
E.g., amoeba |
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Photosynthetic eukaryotes
Unicellular or multicellular
Sexual and asexual reproductive forms
Cellulose cell walls
Found in fresh and salt water, in soil, and associated with plants |
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Acellular
Only visible with electron microscope
Consist of DNA or RNA core surrounded by a protein coat
Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope
Viruses are replicated only when they are in a living host cell |
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| Multicellular Animal Parasites |
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Eukaryotic
Multicellular animals
Parasitic flatworms and round worms are called helminths.
Microscopic stages in life cycles.
Of medical importance |
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established the system of scientific nomenclature in 1735.
Plant and Animal Kingdoms |
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Three domains based on rRNA sequences
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya |
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| reported that living things were composed of little boxes or cells. (observing cork “cells”) |
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| First Observations: described live microorganisms that he observed in teeth scrapings, rain water, and peppercorn infusions. |
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biogenesis
six jars with decaying meat. |
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boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks.
Spontaneous generation |
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boiled nutrient solutions in flasks. (Needham flawed)
biogenesis |
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said cells arise from preexisting cells.
Cell Theory: All living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells. |
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| demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air. |
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| used a chemical disinfectant phenol to prevent surgical wound infections, mouthwash named for Lister |
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| advocated handwashing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another. |
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| provided proof that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps, Koch’s postulates, used to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease. |
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inoculated a person with cowpox virus. The person was then protected from smallpox.
(vaccine) |
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| developed salvarsan to treat syphilis (2nd used).CHEMO |
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discovered the first antibiotic by accident.
His plates were contaminated with mold.
He observed that Penicillium notatum made penicillin. |
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| a few examples of emerging infectious diseases |
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West Nile
Mad Cow
E. coli
Ebola |
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| Know how all cells are similar |
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| Similarities are a result of evolution and descent from a common ancestor |
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Bacteria- cell wall with peptidoglycan
Archaea- cell wall if present lacks PG
Eukarya- divided into 4 kingdoms |
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| Often use fossils to place an organism |
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Microbes don’t usually fossilize
Must use other evidence
Proteins
Cell structures
Metabolism
rRNA sequences
DNA hybridization |
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Binomial nomenclature = genus + species
Descriptive, names after scientist
Worldwide system
Bergey’s Manual- old name in () |
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| to list the taxonomic groups from domain to species |
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Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
don't kinky people come over for group sex? |
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| the kingdoms contained in Domain Eukarya |
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| 3 ways microbes are identified. |
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