Term
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Definition
| the use of drugs to treat a disease |
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Term
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Definition
| interfere with the growth of microbes within a host |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance produced by a microbe that, in small amounts, inhibits another microbe |
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Term
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Definition
| killing harmful microbes without damaging the host |
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Term
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Definition
| 1928 discovered penicillin, produced by penicillium |
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Term
| Howard Florey and Ernst Chain |
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Definition
| performed first clinical trials of penicilin |
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Term
| spectrum of antimicrobial activity |
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Definition
| broad spectrum, narrow spectrum, superinfection |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| prevent growth of microbes |
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Term
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Definition
| penicillins, cephalosporins, bacitracin, vancomycin |
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Term
| inhibit protein synthesis |
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Definition
| chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracyclines, streptomycin |
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Term
| inhibit nucleic acid replication |
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Definition
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Term
| Injury to plasma membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| Inhibition of essential metabolite synthesis |
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Definition
| sulfanimide, trimethoprim |
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Term
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Definition
inhibitor of cell wall synthesis
natural (G-injection & V-oral), semisynthetic, and extended-spectrum penicillin
semisynthetic: oxacillin (narrow spectrum only gram+, resistant to penicillinase) and Ampicillin(extended spectrum and many gram negatives) |
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Term
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Definition
penicillin: penicillinase-resistant penicillin; penicillins + beta-lactamase inhibitors
carbapenems: substitute a C or an S, add a double bond
monobactam: single ring |
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Term
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Definition
first-generation: narrow spectrum; act against gram-positive bacteria
2nd-generation: extended spectrum includes gram-negative bacteria
3rd-generation- includes pseudomonads, injected
4th generation- oral |
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Term
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Definition
bacitracin: topical application against gram-positives
vancomycin: glycopeptide, important "last line" against antibiotic-resistant S. aureus |
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Term
| Antimycobacterial antibiotics |
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Definition
Isoniazid (INH): inhibits mycolic acid synthesis
Ethambutol: inhibits incorporation of mycolic acid |
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Term
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Definition
| broad spectrum- binds 50S subunit, inhibits peptide bond formation |
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Term
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Definition
| broad spectrum, interfere with tRNA attachment |
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Term
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Definition
| streptomycin, neomycin, gentamicin: broad spectrum, change shape of 30S |
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Term
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Definition
MRSA and Acinetobacter baumanii
Bind to 30S subunit, inhibit translation |
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Term
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Definition
Erythromycin is the best known
Gram positives
bind to 50S and prevent translocation |
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Term
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Definition
| gram positives, bin to 50s subunit, inhibit translation |
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Term
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Definition
| linezolid, MRSA, bind to 50S, prevent formation of 70S ribosome |
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Term
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Definition
| from mushroom Pleurotis mutilus, MRSA, bind 50S, prevent translocation |
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Term
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Definition
| structural changes int he membrane, arrest of the synthesis of DNA, RNA & protein. MRSA |
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Term
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Definition
| topical, combined with bacitracin and neomycin in over-the-counter preparation |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits RNA synthesis, antituberculosis |
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Term
| Quinolones and fluoroquinolones |
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Definition
Nalidixic acid: Urinary infections
ciprofloxacin
Inhibit DNA gyrase
UTIs |
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Term
| sulfonamides (sulfa drugs) |
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Definition
| competitive inhibitor. Inhibit folic acid synthesis, broad spectrum |
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Term
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Definition
inhibition of Ergosterol synthesis
Polyenes- Amphotericin B
Azoles- Miconazole, Triazole
Allylamines- for azole-resistant infections |
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Term
| Antifungal drugs: cell wall inhibitor |
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Definition
| echinocandins- inhibit synthesis of beta-glucan, cancidas is used against Candida and Pneumocystis |
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Term
| Antifungal Drugs:inhibit nucleic acids |
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Definition
Flucytosine: cytosine analog interferes with RNA synthesis
Pentamidine isethionate: anti-pneumocystis, may bind DNA |
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Term
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Definition
Griseofulvin: inhibits microtubule formation, superficial dermatophytes
Tolnaftate: action unknown |
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Term
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Definition
| antiviral drug: structurally resembles the nucleoside deoxyguanosine |
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Term
| Antiviral drugs: enzyme inhibitors |
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Definition
protease inhibitors, Indinavir: HIV
Integrase inhibitors: HIV |
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Term
| Antiviral Drugs: Entry inhibitors |
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Definition
entry inhibitors: amantadine: influenza
fusion inhibitors: zanamivir: influenza,
Block CCR5: HIV |
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Term
| Antiviral drugs: Interferons |
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Definition
prevent spread of viruses to new cells.
Alpha interferon: Viral hepatitis
Imiquimod: promotes interferon production |
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Term
| Antihelminthic drugs: Niclosamide |
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Definition
| prevents ATP generation -tapeworms |
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Term
| Antihelminthic Drugs: Praziquantel |
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Definition
alters membrane permeability
-flatworms |
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Term
| Antihelminthic drugs: mebendazole and albendazole |
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Definition
interfere with nutrient absorption
-intestinal roundworms |
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Term
| Antihelmonthic drugs: Ivermectin |
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Definition
paralysis of helminths
-intestinal roundworms |
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Term
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Definition
| minimal inhibitory concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| minimal bactericidal concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| variety of mutations lead to antibiotic resistance, resistance genes are often on plasmids or transposons that can be transferred between bacteria |
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Term
| forms of misuse of antibiotics |
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Definition
| using outdated or weakened antibiotics, using antibiotics for common cold, using antibiotics in animal feed, not taking all prescribed, using someone else's leftover prescription |
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Term
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Definition
synergism: 2 drugs greater than effect of either one alone
antagonism: 2 drugs less than either one alone |
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Term
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Definition
| broad-spectrum antibiotics (nisin, defensins, maganin, squalamine) |
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Term
| Phage therapy and antisense agents |
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Definition
| antisense agents: complementary nucleic acids that block translation of a pathogen's virulence factors |
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