Shared Flashcard Set

Details

MGT 291
Organizational Behavior
139
Management
Undergraduate 2
04/01/2013

Additional Management Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Motivation
Definition
Represents "those psychological processes that cause the arousal, direction, and persistence of voluntary actions that are goal directed."
Term
Needs
Definition
Physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior.
Term
Need for Achievment
Definition
defined by the following desires: to accomplish something difficult.
Term
Need for Affiliation
Definition
Prefer to spend more time maintaining social relationships, joining groups, and wanting to be loved.
Term
Need for Power
Definition
Reflect's an individuals desire to influence, coach, teach, or encourage others to achieve.
Term
Job Design
Definition
Also referred to as "job redesign", involves any activities that involve the alteration of specific jobs or interdeoendent systems of jobs with the intent of improving the quality of employee job experience and their on-the-job experience productivity.
Term
Scientific Management
Definition
That kind of management which conducts a business or affairs by standards established by facts or truths gained through systematic observation, experiement, or reasoning.
Term
Job Enlargement
Definition
Involves putting more variety into a workers job by combining specialized tasks of comparable difficulty.
Term
Job Rotation
Definition
Calls for moving employees from one specialized job to another.
Term
Herzberg's "Motivators"
Definition
Associated with strong effort and good performance. Job characteristics associated with job satisfaction.
Term
Hygiene Factors
Definition

 

Job characteristics associated wth job dissatisfaction.

 

Term
Job Enrichment
Definition
Modifying a job such that an employee has the oppportunity to experience achievement, recognition, stimulating work, responsibility, and advancement.
Term
Intrinsic Motivation
Definition
Occurs
when an individual is “turned on to one’s work because of the positive internal
feelings that are generated by doing well, rather than being dependent on exter-
nal factors (such as incentive pay or compliments from the boss) for the motiva-
tion to work effectively.”
Term
Core Job Characteristics
Definition
Common characteristics found to a
varying degree in all jobs (skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback).
Term
Job Crafting
Definition
Defined as “the physical
and cognitive changes individuals make in the task or relational boundaries of their work.
Term
Idiosyncratic Deals (i-deals)
Definition
Represent “employment terms individuals negotiate for themselves, taking myriad forms from flexible schedules to career development.”
Term
Employee Engagement
Definition
“the harnessing of organization members’ selves to their work roles; in engagement, people employ and express themselves physically, cognitively, and emotionally during role performance.”
Term
PE Fit
Definition
Defined “as the compatibility between an individual and a work environment that occurs when their characteristics are well
matched.”
Term
Sense of Meaningfulness
Definition
Task purpose is important and meaningful.
Term
Sense of Choice
Definition
Ability to use judgment and freedom when completing tasks.
Term
Sense of Competence
Definition
Feelings of accomplishment associated with doing high quality work.
Term
Sense of Progress
Definition
Feeling that one is accomplishing something important.
Term
Job Satisfaction
Definition
An affective or emotional response toward various facets of one's job.
Term
Need Fulillment
Definition
Extent to which the characteristics of a job allow an individual to fulfill his or her needs.
Term
Discrepancies
Definition
Satisfaction is a result of met expectations.
Term
Value Attainment
Definition
Is that satisfaction results from the perception that a job allows for fulfillment of an individual’s
important work values.
Term
Equity: satisfaction
Definition
Is a function of how "fairly" an individual is treated at work.
Term
Dispositional/Genetic Components
Definition
Satisfaction is partly a function of both personal traits and genetic factors.
Term
Organizational Commitment
Definition
Reflects the extent to which an individual identifies with an organization and is committed to its goals.
Term
Organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs)
Definition
Consist of employee behaviors that are beyond the call of duty/work role requirements.
Term
Withdrawal Cognitions
Definition
Represent an individuals overall thoughts and feelings about quitting.
Term
Denise works at Harvest Hope Food Bank and is committed to doing all she can to help the organization fulfill its mission. She is high in ______________.
Definition
Organizational Commitment
Term

 

Donna has positive feelings for doing her job

 

   well.  We would say she:

 

Definition

 

Is intrinsically motivated

 

Term

 

In an effort to redesign jobs, Herman, manager of Perfect Printing, Inc., added various tasks to Ambers job. In addition to copying, now Amber is also responsible for collating, putting covers on each job and stapling. This can be described as an example of ____________.

 

Definition
Job Enlargement
Term

 

Rachel has the desire to accomplish something difficult? This relates to McClelland's need for...

 

Definition
Achievment
Term
equity theory
Definition
model of motivation that explains how people strive for fairness and justice in social exchanges or give-and-take relationships.
Term
negative inequity
Definition
Comparison in which another person receives greater outcomes for similar inputs.
Term
positive inequity
Definition

Comparison in which another person receives lesser outcomes for similar inputs.

 

Term
Equity sensitivity
Definition

Reflects an individual’s “different preferences for, tolerances for, and reactions to the level of
equity associated with any given situation.”

Term
Benevolents
Definition

People who have a higher tolerance for negative inequity prefer their outcome/input ratio to be lower than ratios from comparison others.

 

Term
Sensitives
Definition

Adhere to a strict norm of reciprocity and are quickly motivated to resolve both negative and positive inequity.

 

Term
Entitleds
Definition

- Have no tolerance for negative inequity


- Expect to obtain greater output/input ratios than comparison others and become upset when this is not the case.

 

Term
Distributive justice
Definition
Reflects the perceived fairness of how resources and rewards are distributed or allocated.
Term
Procedural justice
Definition
Defined as the perceived fairness of the process and procedures used to make allocation decisions.
Term
interactional justice
Definition
Relates to the “quality of the interpersonal treatment people receive when procedures are implemented.”
Term
Expectancy theory
Definition
Holds that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce desired combinations of
expected outcomes.
Term
expectancy
Definition
According to Vroom’s terminology, represents an individual’s belief that a particular degree of effort will be followed by a particular level of performance.
Term
instrumentality
Definition
is a performance ---> outcome perception.
Term
valence
Definition
Refers to the positive or negative value people place on outcomes.
Term
Outcomes
Definition
Different consequences that are contingent on performance.
Term
goal
Definition
“what an individual is trying to accomplish; it is the object or aim of an action.”
Term
Management by objectives
Definition
A management system that incorporates participation in decision making, goal setting, and objective feedback.
Term
Goal specificity
Definition
Pertains to the quantifiability of a goal. For example, a goal of selling nine cars a month is more specific than telling a salesperson to do his or her best.
Term
Practical Application of Goal Setting Steps
Definition
1.) Set Goals
2.) Promote goal commitment
3.) Provide support and feedback
Term
1.) Set Goals
Definition

 

- Use time and motion studies, average past performance, benchmarking

 

- Should be SMART

 

Term
2.) Promote Goal Commitment
Definition

 

- Involve employees in the goal setting and action planning process

 

- Have managers explain the rationale behind higher level goals

 

Term
3.) Provide support and feedback
Definition

 

- Ensure that each employee has the necessary abilities, training, technology/equipment, and information needed to achieve his or her goals

 

Term
Jim is the manager of a sales team at Woo Automotive. He expects his salespeople to sell 250 cars per week. Which guideline for writing SMART goals does this violate?
Definition
Attainable
Term
Julia wants to become a successful heart surgeon.  This reflects Julia's
Definition
Goal
Term

 

Dana believes in designing challenging jobs for her employees. This is an implication of _________ theory.

 

Definition
Expectancy
Term

 

Niles believes that he will be promoted if he meets his sales goals. This is his ___________ perception.

 

Definition
Instrumentality
Term

At work, if Jamal's outcome to input ratio is greater than that of Tony's (his relevant co-worker), Jamal will experience

 

Definition
Positive Inequity
Term
Employees at Globe Trade have always felt that resources and rewards are allocated unfairly at work.  Such employee perceptions reflect _________.
Definition
Distributive Justice
Term
feedback
Definition
Information about individual or collective
performance shared with those in a position to improve the situation.
Term
Instructional Feedback
Definition
Clarifies roles or teaches new behavior
Term
Motivational Feedback
Definition
Serves as a reward or promise of a reward.
Term
Sources of Feedback
Definition

1.) Others (peers, supervisors, lower level employees, and outsiders)

2.) Oneself (self serving bias and other perceptual problems can contaminate this source)

Term
Behavioral Outcomes of Feedback
Definition

1.) Direction

2.) Effort

3.) Persistence

4.) Resistance

Term
Upward feedback
Definition
Stands the traditional approach on its head by having lower-level employees provide feedback on a manager’s style and performance.
Term
360-degree feedback
Definition
Letting individuals compare their own perceived performance with behaviorally specific (and usually anonymous) performance information from their manager, subordinates, and peers
Term
Total rewards
Definition
Encompass not only compensation and benefits, but also personal and professional growth opportunities and a motivating work environment
that includes recognition, job design, and work–life balance.
Term
Extrinsic Rewards
Definition
Financial, material, and social rewards.
Term
Intrinsic Rewards
Definition
Self granted, psychic rewards.
Term
Pay for performance
Definition
Popular term for monetary incentives linking at least some portion of the paycheck directly to results or accomplishments.
Term
law of effect
Definition
Says behavior with favorable consequences tends to be repeated, while behavior with unfavorable consequences tends to disappear.
Term
respondent behavior
Definition
Skinners term for unlearned reflexes or stimulus-response connections.
Term
operant behavior
Definition

Behavior that is learned when one operates on the environment to produce desired consequences.

 

Term
Positive reinforcement
Definition
The process of strengthening a behavior by contingently presenting something pleasing.
Term
Negative reinforcement
Definition
Strengthens a desired behavior by contingently
withdrawing something displeasing.
Term
Punishment
Definition
The process of weakening behavior through either the contingent presentation of something displeasing or the contingent withdrawal of something positive.
Term
extinction
Definition
Weakening a behavior by ignoring it or making
sure it is not reinforced.
Term
continuous reinforcement (CRF)
Definition
Reinforcing every instance of a target behavior.
Term
intermittent reinforcement
Definition
Involves reinforcement of some but not all instances of a target behavior.
Term
shaping
Definition
The process of reinforcing closer and closer approximations to a target behavior.
Term

 

Employees at ABC Manufacturing strive to operate at a zero-defect level because each gets publicly recognized for their individual and team accomplishments.  This is an example of

 

Definition
Positive Reinforcement
Term

 

When Grant is praised for a work behavior, he will try hard to repeat it. This follows the law of ___________.

 

Definition
Effect
Term

 

Kims company has given all employees a performance bonus each year for the past 17 years. Employees have come to expect it no matter what the companys profitability. Why would this pay for performance system fail to motivate employees?

 

Definition

Extensive benefits become entitlements

 

Term

 

Angelo derives pleasure from the task of book writing itself.  He can be described as __________ motivated.

 

Definition
Intrinsically
Term

 

  When Janine evaluates her supervisor, she is providing __________ feedback.

 

Definition
Upward Feedback
Term

 

   Grant is responsible for training new employees. He wants to make sure everyone knows their role in making the firm successful. This is __________ feedback.

 

Definition
Instructional
Term
group
Definition
Two or more freely interacting individuals who share collective norms and goals and have a common identity.
Term
formal group
Definition
A group that is formed by a manager to help the organization accomplish its goals.
Term
informal group
Definition
Exists when the members’ overriding purpose of getting together is friendship.
Term
Group Development Process
Definition

1.) Forming (mutual trust is low)

2.) Stormig (time of testing)

3.) Norming (group cohesiveness)

4.) Performing (solving problems/cooperation)

5.) Adjourning (work is done)

Term
roles
Definition
Expected behavior for a given position.
Term
task roles
Definition
Enable the group to define, clarify, and pursue a common purpose.
Term
maintenance roles
Definition
Foster supportive and constructive interpersonal relationships (keep the group together).
Term
norms
Definition
An attitude, opinion, feeling, or action—shared by two or more people—that guides their behavior.”
Term
Team
Definition

“a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they
hold themselves mutually accountable.”

(task groups that have matured to performing stage).

Term
3 C's of Team players
Definition

1.) Committed

2.) Collaborative

3.) Competent

Term
Team building
Definition
A catchall term for a host of techniques aimed at improving the internal functioning of work groups.
Term
Trust
Definition
A reciprocal faith that the intentions and behaviors of another will consider the implications for you.
Term
Three Forms of Trust
Definition

1.) Contractual Trust (trust of character)

2.) Communication Trust (trust of disclosure)

3.) Competence Trust (trust of capability)

Term
How to Build Trust
Definition

- Communication

- Support

- Respect

- Fairness

- Predictability

- Competence

Term
Self Managed Teams
Definition
Defined as groups of workers who are given administrative oversight for their task domains.
Term
Cross functionalism
Definition
Team made up of technical specialists from different areas, comon feature of self managed teams.
Term
Virtual Team
Definition
A physically dispersed task group that conducts its business through information communication technology (ICT).
Term
Groupthink
Definition
“a mode of thinking that people engage in when
they are deeply involved in a cohesive in-group, when members’ strivings for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action.”
Term
Social Loafing
Definition
Tendency for individual group effort to decline as the group size increases.
Term
The Organizational Behavior class has a project that counts for 50% of the class grade. Groups of 10 have been assigned to complete it. Duane thinks that he will not have to work very hard because the group is so large. This is called _______.
Definition
Social Loafing
Term

 

The work team at More 4 Babies, Inc. is made up of technical specialists from different areas of the company.  This feature of the work team at More 4 Babies is referred to as

 

Definition
Cross Functionalism
Term

 

As quarterback at Alabama, Jay Barker won almost all of the games he started. When the team was in a tough situation, they trusted Barker to help them win. The teams trust was built by Barkers _______.

 

Definition
Competence
Term

 

As the new Department Chair, Melvin wanted his faculty members to engage in more collaboration. He decided to start by taking everyone to a Paintball course. This is called ___________.

 

Definition
Team Building
Term

 

Bob's role in his work group is to promote greater understanding through examples or explanation of implications. Bob's role can be described as a(n):

 

Definition
Elaborator
Term

 

A search committee has been created at ABC University to hire a new dean of College of Business.  During which stage of the group development process would the search committee address  role agreements and working as a team?

 

Definition
Norming
Term
Three Influence Outcomes
Definition

1.) Committment (substantial agreement)

2.) Compliance (reluctant or insincere agreement)

3.) Resistance (outright rejection)

Term
Social Power
Definition
“the ability to marshal the human, informational, and material resources to get something done.”
Term
5 Bases of Power
Definition

1.) Reward

2.) Coercive

3.) Legitimate

4.) Expert

5.) Referent

Term
Reward Power
Definition
Obtain compliance by promising or granting rewards.
Term
Coercive Power
Definition
Threats of punishment and actual punishment.
Term
Legitimate Power
Definition
Obtaining compliance through formal authority.
Term
Expert Power
Definition
Obtaining compliance through one's knowledge or information.
Term
Referent Power
Definition
Obtaining compliance through charisma or personal attraction.
Term
Empowerment
Definition
“recognizing and releasing into the organization the power that people already have in their wealth of useful knowledge, experience,
and internal motivation.”
Term
Participative Management
Definition
The process whereby employees play a direct role in (1) setting goals, (2) making decisions, (3) solving problems, and (4) making changes in the organization.
Term
Empowering Leadership
Definition
Involves sharing power with employees by communicating the significance of employee jobs, providing decision-making autonomy, expressing confidence in employee performance capabilities, and removing barriers to performance.
Term
Organizational Politics
Definition
Intentional acts of influence to enhance or protect the self-interest of individuals or groups that are not endorsed by the organization.
Term
Coalition
Definition
An informal group bound together by the  active  pursuit of a single issue.
Term
Impresssion Management
Definition
Defined as any attempt to control or manipulate the images related to a person, organization, or ideas.
Term
Job-Focused
Definition
Manipulating information about one's performance.
Term
Supervisor-Focused
Definition
Praising and doing favors for one's supervisor.
Term
Self-Focused
Definition
Presenting oneself as a nice and polite person.
Term
Apologies
Definition
Form of trust repair where one acknowledges an offense and often offers to make a mends.
Term

 

Kendall will often do favors and run errands for her manager. She is engaged in __________ impression management.

 

Definition
Supervisor-Focused
Term

 

Whenever things dont go well for Duane, he is quick to shift fault to others. Which political tactic is he using?

 

Definition
Blaming Others
Term

 

Herman is able to work more on his own now that his supervisor has given him more responsibility and authority in his job. Which need of participative management does this fulfill?

 

 

Definition
Autonomy
Term

 

As a Division Head, Natalie is implementing pay-for-performance plans and positive reinforcement programs at Goodwill Wireless Center.  Natalie is attempting to exploit which power?

 

Definition
Reward
Term

 

Tami has a tendency to use praise or flattery with her boss prior to making a request for her expense account approval every month. Tami is using which influence tactic?

 

Definition
Ingratiation
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