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Represents "those psychological processes that cause the arousal, direction, and persistence of voluntary actions that are goal directed." |
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Physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior. |
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defined by the following desires: to accomplish something difficult. |
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Prefer to spend more time maintaining social relationships, joining groups, and wanting to be loved. |
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Reflect's an individuals desire to influence, coach, teach, or encourage others to achieve. |
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Also referred to as "job redesign", involves any activities that involve the alteration of specific jobs or interdeoendent systems of jobs with the intent of improving the quality of employee job experience and their on-the-job experience productivity. |
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That kind of management which conducts a business or affairs by standards established by facts or truths gained through systematic observation, experiement, or reasoning. |
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Involves putting more variety into a workers job by combining specialized tasks of comparable difficulty. |
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Calls for moving employees from one specialized job to another. |
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Associated with strong effort and good performance. Job characteristics associated with job satisfaction. |
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Job characteristics associated wth job dissatisfaction.
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Modifying a job such that an employee has the oppportunity to experience achievement, recognition, stimulating work, responsibility, and advancement. |
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Occurs when an individual is “turned on to one’s work because of the positive internal feelings that are generated by doing well, rather than being dependent on exter- nal factors (such as incentive pay or compliments from the boss) for the motiva- tion to work effectively.” |
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Common characteristics found to a varying degree in all jobs (skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback). |
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Defined as “the physical and cognitive changes individuals make in the task or relational boundaries of their work. |
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Idiosyncratic Deals (i-deals) |
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Represent “employment terms individuals negotiate for themselves, taking myriad forms from flexible schedules to career development.” |
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“the harnessing of organization members’ selves to their work roles; in engagement, people employ and express themselves physically, cognitively, and emotionally during role performance.” |
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Defined “as the compatibility between an individual and a work environment that occurs when their characteristics are well matched.” |
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Task purpose is important and meaningful. |
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Ability to use judgment and freedom when completing tasks. |
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Feelings of accomplishment associated with doing high quality work. |
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Feeling that one is accomplishing something important. |
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An affective or emotional response toward various facets of one's job. |
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Extent to which the characteristics of a job allow an individual to fulfill his or her needs. |
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Satisfaction is a result of met expectations. |
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Is that satisfaction results from the perception that a job allows for fulfillment of an individual’s important work values. |
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Is a function of how "fairly" an individual is treated at work. |
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Dispositional/Genetic Components |
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Satisfaction is partly a function of both personal traits and genetic factors. |
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Organizational Commitment |
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Reflects the extent to which an individual identifies with an organization and is committed to its goals. |
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Organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) |
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Consist of employee behaviors that are beyond the call of duty/work role requirements. |
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Represent an individuals overall thoughts and feelings about quitting. |
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Denise works at Harvest Hope Food Bank and is committed to doing all she can to help the organization fulfill its mission. She is high in ______________. |
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Organizational Commitment |
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Donna has positive feelings for doing her job
well. We would say she:
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Is intrinsically motivated
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In an effort to redesign jobs, Herman, manager of Perfect Printing, Inc., added various tasks to Amber’s job. In addition to copying, now Amber is also responsible for collating, putting covers on each job and stapling. This can be described as an example of ____________.
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Rachel has the desire to accomplish something difficult? This relates to McClelland's need for...
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model of motivation that explains how people strive for fairness and justice in social exchanges or give-and-take relationships. |
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Comparison in which another person receives greater outcomes for similar inputs. |
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Comparison in which another person receives lesser outcomes for similar inputs.
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Reflects an individual’s “different preferences for, tolerances for, and reactions to the level of equity associated with any given situation.” |
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People who have a higher tolerance for negative inequity prefer their outcome/input ratio to be lower than ratios from comparison others.
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Adhere to a strict norm of reciprocity and are quickly motivated to resolve both negative and positive inequity.
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- Have no tolerance for negative inequity
- Expect to obtain greater output/input ratios than comparison others and become upset when this is not the case.
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Reflects the perceived fairness of how resources and rewards are distributed or allocated. |
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Defined as the perceived fairness of the process and procedures used to make allocation decisions. |
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Relates to the “quality of the interpersonal treatment people receive when procedures are implemented.” |
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Holds that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce desired combinations of expected outcomes. |
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According to Vroom’s terminology, represents an individual’s belief that a particular degree of effort will be followed by a particular level of performance. |
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is a performance ---> outcome perception. |
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Refers to the positive or negative value people place on outcomes. |
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Different consequences that are contingent on performance. |
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“what an individual is trying to accomplish; it is the object or aim of an action.” |
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A management system that incorporates participation in decision making, goal setting, and objective feedback. |
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Pertains to the quantifiability of a goal. For example, a goal of selling nine cars a month is more specific than telling a salesperson to do his or her best. |
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Practical Application of Goal Setting Steps |
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1.) Set Goals 2.) Promote goal commitment 3.) Provide support and feedback |
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- Use time and motion studies, average past performance, benchmarking
- Should be SMART
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2.) Promote Goal Commitment |
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- Involve employees in the goal setting and action planning process
- Have managers explain the rationale behind higher level goals
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3.) Provide support and feedback |
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- Ensure that each employee has the necessary abilities, training, technology/equipment, and information needed to achieve his or her goals
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Jim is the manager of a sales team at Woo Automotive. He expects his salespeople to sell 250 cars per week. Which guideline for writing SMART goals does this violate? |
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Julia wants to become a successful heart surgeon. This reflects Julia's |
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Dana believes in designing challenging jobs for her employees. This is an implication of _________ theory.
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Niles believes that he will be promoted if he meets his sales goals. This is his ___________ perception.
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At work, if Jamal's outcome to input ratio is greater than that of Tony's (his relevant co-worker), Jamal will experience
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Employees at Globe Trade have always felt that resources and rewards are allocated unfairly at work. Such employee perceptions reflect _________. |
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Information about individual or collective performance shared with those in a position to improve the situation. |
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Clarifies roles or teaches new behavior |
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Serves as a reward or promise of a reward. |
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1.) Others (peers, supervisors, lower level employees, and outsiders)
2.) Oneself (self serving bias and other perceptual problems can contaminate this source) |
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Behavioral Outcomes of Feedback |
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1.) Direction
2.) Effort
3.) Persistence
4.) Resistance |
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Stands the traditional approach on its head by having lower-level employees provide feedback on a manager’s style and performance. |
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Letting individuals compare their own perceived performance with behaviorally specific (and usually anonymous) performance information from their manager, subordinates, and peers |
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Encompass not only compensation and benefits, but also personal and professional growth opportunities and a motivating work environment that includes recognition, job design, and work–life balance. |
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Financial, material, and social rewards. |
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Self granted, psychic rewards. |
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Popular term for monetary incentives linking at least some portion of the paycheck directly to results or accomplishments. |
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Says behavior with favorable consequences tends to be repeated, while behavior with unfavorable consequences tends to disappear. |
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Skinner’s term for unlearned reflexes or stimulus-response connections. |
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Behavior that is learned when one “operates on” the environment to produce desired consequences.
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The process of strengthening a behavior by contingently presenting something pleasing. |
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Strengthens a desired behavior by contingently withdrawing something displeasing. |
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The process of weakening behavior through either the contingent presentation of something displeasing or the contingent withdrawal of something positive. |
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Weakening a behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced. |
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continuous reinforcement (CRF) |
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Reinforcing every instance of a target behavior. |
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intermittent reinforcement |
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Involves reinforcement of some but not all instances of a target behavior. |
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The process of reinforcing closer and closer approximations to a target behavior. |
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Employees at ABC Manufacturing strive to operate at a zero-defect level because each gets publicly recognized for their individual and team accomplishments. This is an example of
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When Grant is praised for a work behavior, he will try hard to repeat it. This follows the law of ___________.
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Kim’s company has given all employees a “performance bonus” each year for the past 17 years. Employees have come to expect it no matter what the company’s profitability. Why would this “pay for performance” system fail to motivate employees?
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Extensive benefits become entitlements
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Angelo derives pleasure from the task of book writing itself. He can be described as __________ motivated.
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When Janine evaluates her supervisor, she is providing __________ feedback.
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Grant is responsible for training new employees. He wants to make sure everyone knows their role in making the firm successful. This is __________ feedback.
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Two or more freely interacting individuals who share collective norms and goals and have a common identity. |
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A group that is formed by a manager to help the organization accomplish its goals. |
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Exists when the members’ overriding purpose of getting together is friendship. |
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Group Development Process |
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1.) Forming (mutual trust is low)
2.) Stormig (time of testing)
3.) Norming (group cohesiveness)
4.) Performing (solving problems/cooperation)
5.) Adjourning (work is done) |
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Expected behavior for a given position. |
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Enable the group to define, clarify, and pursue a common purpose. |
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Foster supportive and constructive interpersonal relationships (keep the group together). |
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An attitude, opinion, feeling, or action—shared by two or more people—that guides their behavior.” |
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“a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable.”
(task groups that have matured to performing stage). |
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1.) Committed
2.) Collaborative
3.) Competent |
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A catchall term for a host of techniques aimed at improving the internal functioning of work groups. |
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A reciprocal faith that the intentions and behaviors of another will consider the implications for you. |
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1.) Contractual Trust (trust of character)
2.) Communication Trust (trust of disclosure)
3.) Competence Trust (trust of capability) |
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- Communication
- Support
- Respect
- Fairness
- Predictability
- Competence |
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Defined as groups of workers who are given administrative oversight for their task domains. |
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Team made up of technical specialists from different areas, comon feature of self managed teams. |
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A physically dispersed task group that conducts its business through information communication technology (ICT). |
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“a mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive in-group, when members’ strivings for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action.” |
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Tendency for individual group effort to decline as the group size increases. |
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The Organizational Behavior class has a project that counts for 50% of the class grade. Groups of 10 have been assigned to complete it. Duane thinks that he will not have to work very hard because the group is so large. This is called _______. |
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The work team at More 4 Babies, Inc. is made up of technical specialists from different areas of the company. This feature of the work team at More 4 Babies is referred to as
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As quarterback at Alabama, Jay Barker won almost all of the games he started. When the team was in a tough situation, they trusted Barker to help them win. The team’s trust was built by Barker’s _______.
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As the new Department Chair, Melvin wanted his faculty members to engage in more collaboration. He decided to start by taking everyone to a Paintball course. This is called ___________.
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Bob's role in his work group is to promote greater understanding through examples or explanation of implications. Bob's role can be described as a(n):
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A search committee has been created at ABC University to hire a new dean of College of Business. During which stage of the group development process would the search committee address role agreements and working as a team?
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1.) Committment (substantial agreement)
2.) Compliance (reluctant or insincere agreement)
3.) Resistance (outright rejection) |
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“the ability to marshal the human, informational, and material resources to get something done.” |
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1.) Reward
2.) Coercive
3.) Legitimate
4.) Expert
5.) Referent |
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Obtain compliance by promising or granting rewards. |
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Threats of punishment and actual punishment. |
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Obtaining compliance through formal authority. |
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Obtaining compliance through one's knowledge or information. |
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Obtaining compliance through charisma or personal attraction. |
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“recognizing and releasing into the organization the power that people already have in their wealth of useful knowledge, experience, and internal motivation.” |
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The process whereby employees play a direct role in (1) setting goals, (2) making decisions, (3) solving problems, and (4) making changes in the organization. |
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Involves sharing power with employees by communicating the significance of employee jobs, providing decision-making autonomy, expressing confidence in employee performance capabilities, and removing barriers to performance. |
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Intentional acts of influence to enhance or protect the self-interest of individuals or groups that are not endorsed by the organization. |
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An informal group bound together by the active pursuit of a single issue. |
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Defined as any attempt to control or manipulate the images related to a person, organization, or ideas. |
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Manipulating information about one's performance. |
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Praising and doing favors for one's supervisor. |
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Presenting oneself as a nice and polite person. |
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Form of trust repair where one acknowledges an offense and often offers to make a mends. |
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Kendall will often do favors and run errands for her manager. She is engaged in __________ impression management.
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Whenever things don’t go well for Duane, he is quick to shift fault to others. Which political tactic is he using?
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Herman is able to work more on his own now that his supervisor has given him more responsibility and authority in his job. Which need of participative management does this fulfill?
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As a Division Head, Natalie is implementing pay-for-performance plans and positive reinforcement programs at Goodwill Wireless Center. Natalie is attempting to exploit which power?
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Tami has a tendency to use praise or flattery with her boss prior to making a request for her expense account approval every month. Tami is using which influence tactic?
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