Set of instructions to the computer, ordinarily executed in sequential fashion

--Stored (program must be in primary storage-RAM)

--Series of statements or instructions processed one at a time (unless parallel or multiprocessing)

--Computer "understands" binary code

Application Software

System Software

Commercial/Common Off-the-Shelf

Software developed with the intention of selling the software in multiple copies to multiple companies

Software applications that support navigation through the point-and-clich, hyperlinked Web resources

Becoming a universal software platform for Internet-based applications (email, search, discussion, phone calls, IM, file transfer, etc.)

A personal website in dated log/diary format

Updated frequently with new information about a subject or range of subjects (often with responses/comments)

Software that helps workgroups collaborate on group assignments

--Email, discussion groups, databases, audio, and video conferencing

--E.g., Lotus Notes, Novell GroupWise, Microsoft Exchange

--Windows SharePoint Services and WebSphere both allow teams to create websites for information sharing and document collaboration

ASPs

Companies that own, operate and maintain application software, data, and computer system resources

One accesses the ASP for a fee over the internet

Pay-as-you-go

Useful for, e.g., ERP systems, CRM systems, etc.

BUT, the ASP provider owns the software...

Increasingly, cloud computing...

Software, data, and virtualized hardware resources are provided as a service over the Internet

-No technology knowledge, expertise, or control needed

-Often confused with grid computing

-Pay-for-use avoids capital expenditures

-Sharing "perishable and intangible" computer power improves utilization rates

-Capactiy can be scaled upward almost instantly

-immediate access to broad range of applications

-Contracts can generally be terminated at any time

Accessible over the internet

Rapid scalability

On-demand self-service

Metered service

Resources (comuting, storage, and/or software) pooled to serve multiple customers

Private cloud (one company has exclusive rights)

Community cloud (several companies share the infrastructure)

Public cloud (open to anyone to join)

the most important/frequently used system software

Integrated system of programs that:

(1)--Manages the operations of the CPU

(2)--Controls the input/output, storage resources, and activities of the computer system

(3)--Provides support services as the computer executes application programs

Must be loaded and activated before the tasks can be accomplished

Part of the operating system that allows you to communicate with it to load programs, access files, etc.

3 main types:

--Command Line Interface (CLI)

--Pull-down menu-driven

--Graphical user interfaces (GUI) like Windows

Part of operating system that manages the hardware and networking resources of a computer system

Includes CPU, memory, secondary storage device, telecommunications, and input/output peripherals

Virtual Memory

Swapping parts of programs and data between memory and magnetic disks

Gives the appearance of unlimited memory

Part of the operating system that controls the Creation, Deletion, and Access of files of data and programs

(e.g., open, save, copy, paste, select, rename,...)

Part of the operating system that manages the accomplishment of computing tasks of the end users

Multitasking

Task management approach that allows for several tasks to be performed in a seemingly simultaneous fashion

(Assigns only one task at a time to CPU but switches between tasks to quickly it looks like it is executing all programs at once)

Also loosely called multiprogramming or time-sharing

In multitasking, CPUs can execute so quickly it can give the appearance of being several computers

Conjoin multitasking with virtual memory, and you have virtual machines

In practice, instead of buying multiple servers, configure one server into several virtual servers--save upfront purchase expense and expense of powering and maintaining several real servers

Miscellaneous housekeeping functions

Example--Norton utilities includes data backup, virus protection, data compression, etc.

OSS

Premise: make software freely available to other programmers to remove bugs, add new features, streamlin operation, etc.; often astonishingly fast evolution of user-valued software at higher quality

Contra: closed or proprietary software, only available to programmers within the company that developed it; slow evolution, slow to remove bugs, add new features, etc.; a company that goes out of business strands its software users

Often is free; sometimes even free OSS has a fee (DVD, documentation, training, support, etc.)

First-generation languages written exclusively in 0's and 1's

All program instructions have to be written using binary codes unique to each type of computer (PC, Apple, Supercomputer, etc.)

Programmers have to know the internal format and operations of the specific type of CPU

ALL computer programs ultimately must be translated to machine language

Second-generation languages

Symbols are used to represent operation codes and storage locations (STO X for "STOre the result in location is X")

Need language translator programs (called Assemblers) to convert the assembly language instructions into machine code

Primarily used by systems programmers (who program system software)

3rd generation languages such as COBOL (common Business Oriented Language), BASIC, FORTRAN (Formula Translation)

Instructions that use brief statements or arithmetic expressions

Macroinstructions: each statement generates several machine instructions when translated by compliers or interpreters

Easier to learn that assembler

Machine independent

But, less efficient than assembler

users specify results they want while computer determines the sequence of instructions that will accomplish those results

4GL (Fourth generation language)

combinded by object-oriented languages from data elements and the procedures that will be performed upon them.

could be data about a bank account and the procedures performed on it such as interest calculations

HyperText Markup Language

A page description language that creates hypertext documents for the Web

Extensible Markup Language

Describes the contents of Web pages by applying identifying tags of contextual labels to the data in Web documents

object-oriented programming language that is simple, secure and platform independent

Java applets can be executed on any computer

High-Level language instructions written in "semi-English"

Machine Language

(Binary Code)

Mnemonics for machine language

(DIV for "divide")

As a computer program is executing

they fetch te next Source Code instruction

They also decode it (into Object Code, or machine language)

Object Code is loaded into RAM, then executed, then they fetch the next source code instruction, continuing this cycle until it runs out of source code instructions or executes a "HALT" instruction

A combination of many programming tools into a single application with a common interface

Used in different stages of the systems development process (design support, test support)

Binary Digit

0 or 1

Combination of eight BITS which represent an alphanumeric character

e.g., W, 7

Collection of BYTES which represent a datum or face

e.g., Tuggle, Orange

Collection of Fields which reflect a transaction

Last Name, First Name

An organization's electronic library of FILES

(students, staff, faculty)

Flat Files

Those that are independent of others files

Each functional area in a business develops its own applications

Each application program develops a unique data file structure

(think "record")

a person, place, thing, or event on which we maintain information

(think "field")

characteristic or quality describing a particular entity

corresponds to a field within a record

a field that uniquely identifies a record

used to retrieve, update, sort records

Sequential file organization

Direct (random) file organization

records retrieved in the same physical sequence in which they are stored

magnetic tape

access records without regard to physical sequence

magnetic/optical disks

DBMS

a program that allows an end user to quickly and easily access the particular data structure in use

Early DBMS structure

Records arranged in tree-like structure

Relationships are one-to-many

Root: Employer

First Child: Compensatior, Job Assignment, Benefits

2nd Child: Ratings, salary (Compensator), Pension, insurance, health (Benefits)

Used in some mainframe DBMS packages

Many-to-many relationships

Variation of Hierarchical model

Often used in mainframe computer systems

Useful for many-to many relationships

Class 1--student A, student C

Class 2--Student A, Student B, Student C

Most widely used structure

Data elements are viewed as being stored in tables

Row represents record

Column represents field

Can relate data in one file with data in another file if both files share a common data element

one output for every input

student--id #

Many outputs for one input

Class--Student A, Student B, Student C

Multiple outputs for multiple inputs

Class 1--Student A, Student C

Class 2--Student A, Student B, Student C

Combine two or more tables temporarily

Looks like one big table

Create a subset of records that meet a stated criterion

Example: Select employees who earn >or equal to $350

Create a subset of columns in a table

Example: Report employee names, pay, and dept. #

Variation of relation model

Uses multidimensional structures to organize data

Data elements are viewed as cubes

Popular for analytical databases that  support Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)

Object

Encapsulation

Inheritance

Data values describing the attributes of an entity

Operations that can be performed on the data

Database Administrator

(DBA)

Develop and specify the data contents, relationships, and structure

Specifications are stored in data dictionary

data about data

(its content, structure, history, when created, format, size...)

Logical Design

Physical Design

Schema--overall logical view of relatinships

Subschema--logical view for specific end users

Data models for DBMS

How data are to be stored and accessed on actual storage devices

(disk or tape drive, etc.)

A managerial activity

Applies IS technologies like data management and data warehousing to manage the data resources of the firm to meet the information needs of business stakeholders

Stores detailed data needed to support businesses and operations

also called: subject area databases (SADB), Transaction Databases, and Production Databases

copies or parts of databases stored on servers at multiple locations

Advantages: Protection of valuable data, Data can be distributed into smaller databases, Each location has control of its local data, All locations can access any data anywhere, Improved database performance at worksites

Disadvantages: Maintaining data accuracy

Data Warehouse

Stores static (unchanging) data that has been extracted from operational, external and other databases

Data is cleaned, transformed, and catalogued

Used by managers and professionals for:

--Data mining

--Online analytical processing

--Business analysis

--Market research

--Decision Support

ensures:

--Uniform Naming

--Completeness of records

--Correctness of Records

--Elimination of Irrelevant Records

--Consistency in Records

--Elimination of duplicate Records

(an important form of BI)

Data in data warehouse are analyzed to reveal hidden patterns and trends

Examples:

--Perform market-basket analysis to identify new business processes

--Find root causes to quality problems

--Cross sell to existing customers

--Profile customers with more accuracy

Data stored in independent or flat files by department or business application

Problems:

--Data Redundancy

--Lack of Data Integration

--Data Dependence

--Lack of data integrity or standardization

The Foundation of modern methods of managing organizational data

--Consolidates data records, formerly in separate files, into databases

--Data can be accessed by many different application programs

--A database management system (DBMS) is the software interface between users and databases

Three Major Functions of DBMS

(Database Management Systems)

(1)--Create new databases and database applications

(2)--Maintain the quality of the data in an organizations databases

(3)--Use the databases of an organization to provide the information needed by end users

Use DBMS software development tools to develop custom application programs (graphical tools to develop menus, data entry forms, reports)

A Data Manipulation Language (DML) facilities data-handling activities

Updating a database to, e.g.,

--Reflect new business transactions such as a new sale using a store credit card

--Add new customers

--Delete Old Customers

--Correct/update customer information

Done by transaction processing systems with support of DBMS

Database Interrogation

(Use)

Immediate responses to ad hoc data requests

SQL

Graphical

Natural Language

Structured Query Language

An international standard query language found in many DBMS

Natural Language