Term
| Experiential (Key Theorists) |
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Definition
| Carl Whitaker; Walter Kempler |
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Term
| Experiential (Historical Overview) |
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Definition
| grew out of humanistic psychology and Gestalt therapy; formed Atlanta Psychiatric Clinic |
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Term
| Experiential (Key Concepts) |
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Definition
| Person of the therapist; existential encounter; therapy of the absurd; individuation; family interaction (flexible roles, permeable boundaries, flexible coalitions, intimacy needs, maintaining commitment, resolving conflict) |
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Term
| Experiential (Person of the Therapist) |
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Definition
| Therapists are encouraged to be spontaneous and fully themselves (therapist's own emotional response to what is happening in the room is primary source of inspiration for interventions) |
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Term
| Experiential (Existential Encounter) |
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Definition
| authentic meeting of the therapist and client in present moment (critical change factor) |
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Term
| Experiential (Therapy of the Absurd) |
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Definition
| "craziness" to the approach; spontaneity of the therapist- playfulness, mimicking, challenging remarks |
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Term
| Experiential (Individuation) |
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Definition
| primary goals in growth-oriented approach; each member allowed own perceptions and treatment as an individual |
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Term
| Experiential (Family Interaction) |
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Definition
| 1) Flexible Roles; 2) Permeable Boundaries; 3) Flexible Coalitions; 4) Intimacy Needs; 4)Maintaining Commitment; 5) Resolving Conflict |
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Term
| Experiential (Goals of Therapy) |
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Definition
| therapy focuses on "growth"; symptom relief, cohesion, creating transgenerational boundary, growth |
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Term
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Definition
| Early, Middle, Late stages, weekly sessions from 6mths - 2yrs; Middle phase: Create alternative interactions, replace key players in certain conflicts with one's self, increasing focus on others besides the scapegoat, avoid blaming the caretaking parent/spouse; |
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Term
| Experiential (Assessment) |
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Definition
| focuses on competencies rather than problems; shells of context; trial of labor: disorganized boundaries, coalitions to avoid conflict, conflict, role rigidity, delegates, pseudomutuality/emotional cutoff, parental empathy |
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Term
| Experiential (Techniques) |
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Definition
| battle for structure; battle for initiative; expanding distress to include each member; activating constructive anxiety (positive anxiety), redefining symptoms, fantasy alternatives, separating interpersonal and intrapersonal stress, affective confrontation, co-therapist, "craziness, play, and humor" |
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Term
| Intergenerational (Key Theorists) |
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Definition
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Term
| Intergenerational (Historical Overview) |
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Definition
| Bowen shifted from individual focus to treat the family as an "emotional unit" and highlighted the influcence of extended family members |
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Term
| Intergenerational (Key Concepts) |
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Definition
| Togetherness and individuality; Differentiation of Self; Triangles; Nuclear Family Emotional Process; Undifferentiated Family Ego Mass; Family Projection Process; Multigenerational Transmission Process; Sibling Position; Emotional Cutoff; Societal Emotional Process |
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Term
| Intergenerational (Goals of Therapy) |
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Definition
| 1. Decrease Anxiety; 2. Increase differentiation in one or more family members (evidenced by an ability to objectively reflect on intense emotional situations) |
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Term
| Intergenerational (Structure) |
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Definition
| Phase 1: Assessment; Phase 2: Genogram; Phase 3: Differentiation |
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Term
| Intergenerational (Assessment) |
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Definition
| 10 basic questions (Who initiated therapy?; What is the symptom and which family member is the IP?; Who is in the nuclear family of IP?; Patterns of emotional functioning?; etc...) |
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Term
| Intergenerational (Techniques) |
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Definition
| Detriangulate; Nonanxious Presence; genogram; Process Questions; supporting differentiation; going home again; displacement stories; coaching |
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Term
| Intergenerational (Togetherness and Individuality) |
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Definition
| Two counterbalancing life forces that the differentiated person is able to successfully balance |
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Term
| Intergenerational (Intrapsychic Aspect of Differentiation |
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Definition
| refers to the separation of feelings and thinking |
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Term
| Intergenerational (Interpersonal Aspect of Differentiation) |
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Definition
| Clearly distinguish self from others |
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Term
| Intergenerational (Triangles) |
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Definition
| influenced by level of anxiety; when anxiety increases, a third person (thing) is introduced to stabilize the relationship |
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Term
| Intergenerational (Nuclear Family Emotional Process) |
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Definition
| the flow of emotional process/patterns of emotional functioning (recurrent patterns and highly influenced by overall level of differentiation) |
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Term
| Intergenerational (Undifferentiated Family Ego Mass) |
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Definition
| nuclear family emotional process that is highly fused |
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Term
| Intergenerational (Family Projection Process) |
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Definition
| parents transmit their immaturity and lack of differentiation to their children |
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Term
|
Definition
| Neil Jacobson; Ivan Pavlov; B.F. Skinner |
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Term
| CBT (Historical Overview) |
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Definition
| reaction to psychodynamic approach; influenced by Pavlov's classical conditioning; Watson's work with phobias |
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Term
| CBT (Classical Conditioning) |
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Definition
| process by which an unconditioned stimulus is associated with an unconditioned response and is paired with a conditioned stimulus |
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Term
| CBT (Operant Conditioning) |
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Definition
| shaping a desired behavior by selectively rewarding that behavior so that it will occur more frequently |
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Term
|
Definition
| use a person's preferred behavior to reinforce low-probability behaviors (to increase desired behaviors) |
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Term
| CBT (Social-Exchange Theory) |
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Definition
| in interpersonal interactions, people attempt to maximize "rewards" and minimize "costs" |
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Term
| CBT (Social-Learning Theory) |
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Definition
| highlights the process of vicarious learning |
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Term
|
Definition
| activating events (A) do not cause the problem consequence (C) but the intermediary belief (B) about A causes (C) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Classical conditioning; Operant Conditioning; Reinforcement; Primary and Secondary Reinforcements and Punishments; Extinction; Premack Principle; Social-exchange Theory; Social Learning Theory; A-B-C Theory; Family Schema; Parent-Skills Training; Behavioral Marital Therapy; Conjoint Sex Therapy; Functional Family Therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| to alter unproductive behavior and cognitive patterns to alleviate the problem and maladaptive symptoms: increase desired behavior/cognitions; decrease undesirable behavior/cognitions;improve problem-solving skills |
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Term
|
Definition
| Baseline Assessment; Intervention; Extinction |
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Term
|
Definition
| Behaviorally define the problem; functional analysis; Baseline; contract |
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Term
|
Definition
| Contracting; Functional Analysis; Modeling; Systematic Desensitization; Reinforcement Schedule; Shaping; Charting; Time out; Token Economy; Disputing Irrational Beliefs; psychoeducation; sensate-focus technique |
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Term
| Solution-Focused (Key Theorists) |
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Definition
| Steve de Shazer; Milton Erickson |
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Term
| Solution-Focused (Key Concepts) |
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Definition
| Solution and Future Focus; Strengths and Resources; Beginner's Mind; Change is Constant; Language and Meaning; Hope |
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Term
| Solution-Focused (Historical Overview) |
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Definition
| evolved from their initial work with the MRI problem-focused approach |
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Term
| Solution-Focused (Beginner's Mind) |
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Definition
| able to conceptualize a client and a client's situation without interference from preconceived ideas and beliefs |
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Term
| Solution-Focused (Change is Constant) |
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Definition
| change is viewed as a process that is inevitable and constant |
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Term
| Solution-Focused (Language and Meaning) |
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Definition
| language people use shapes their reality and assists in establishing the meaning of situations, relationships, others, and self |
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Term
| Solution-Focused (Goals of Therapy) |
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Definition
| focus on solutions and future possibilities; goals are central- concrete and attainable; set up ways to measure achievement and how one will know when the problem is solved |
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Term
| Solution-Focused (Structure of Therapy) |
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Definition
| 1st Session: join and define problem; Setting Goals: attempt to identify how the problem will be solved and how will know problem has been alleviated; Subsequent Sessions: follow the first session "map" |
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Term
| Solution-Focused (Assessment) |
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Definition
| Motivation; solvable problems; what worked; exceptions; strengths and resources; |
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Term
| Solution-Focused (3 Degrees of Motivation) |
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Definition
| Visitor; Complainant; Customer |
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Term
| Solution-Focused (Techniques) |
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Definition
| Formula First Session Task; Miracle Question and Crystal Ball; Exception Questions; Compliments; Scaling Questions; On-track; eliciting strengths and resources; Inspiring Solutions & Solution Building |
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Term
| Narrative (Key Theorists) |
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Definition
| Michael White; David Epston; |
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Term
| Narrative (Historical Overview) |
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Definition
| introduced the work of philosopher Michel Foucault to psychotherapy; commitment to addressing sociopolitical issues in therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| Textual & Narrative Metaphors; Unique Outcomes; Dominant & Subjugated Knowledges; Language; Politics; The problem is the problem; therapist positioning; |
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Term
| Narrative (Textual & Narrative Metaphors) |
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Definition
| primary tool people use to make sense of their lived experiences; events do not have inherent meaning outside these narratives |
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Term
| Narrative (Unique Outcomes) |
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Definition
| look for these in problem-saturated narratives to create narratives that reflect local knowledges, alternative possibilities; and more hopeful accounts; can be from past, present, future, or imagination; |
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Term
| Narrative (Dominant & Subjugated Knowledges) |
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Definition
| therapy often serves to resurrect subjugated knowledges (accounts that are generally denied voice because they do not fit with knowledge shaped by those in power) |
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Term
| Narrative (Goals of Therapy) |
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Definition
| to alter the problem-saturated story to reflect a preferred narrative as defined by the client |
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Term
| Narrative (Structure of Therapy) |
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Definition
| Begin with a unique outcome; ensure it represents preferred experience; plot the story; plot the story in landscape of consciousness; past experience has something in common with unique outcome; questions that link past episode with the present; questions to extend story into future |
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Term
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Definition
| Knowing the person apart from the problem; unique outcomes; mapping effects |
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Term
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Definition
| Deconstructive Listening; Deconstructive Questions; Externalization of the Problem; Relative-Influence Questioning; Preference and Permission Questions; Landscape of Action; Landscape of Consciousness; exploring specifications for personhood; situating comments; letters and certificates; audience/witnesses; |
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Term
| Narrative (Mapping Effects) |
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Definition
| curious about the effects problems have had on clients and how clients have affected the life of the problem |
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Term
| Narrative (Deconstructive Listening) |
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Definition
| type of listening that opens up space for new meaning and understandings |
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Term
| Narrative (Deconstructive Questions) |
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Definition
| help people unpack their stories or see them form different perspectives |
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Term
| Narrative (Externalization of the Problem) |
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Definition
| linguistically separating the problem from the person and often entails personifying the problem- turn the adjectives people typically use to describe themselves into nouns |
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Term
| Narrative (Mapping the Influence of the Problem) |
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Definition
| questioning involves broadening the description of the problem, including identifying the problem's influence on behavioral, emotional, physical, interactional, and attitudinal domains |
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Term
| Narrative (Mapping the Influence of Persons) |
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Definition
| questioning facilitates the discovery of "unique outcomes" and new information that contradicts the problem-saturated narrative |
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Term
| Narrative (Landscape of Action) |
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Definition
| inquires about the specific actions that constitute the preferred narrative |
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Term
| Narrative (Landscape of Consciousness) |
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Definition
| inquires about the meaning the person attributes to these events |
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Term
| Narrative (Exploring Specifications for Personhood) |
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Definition
| inquires about the outside influences that have shapred the client's identity, detailing the various sources, their history, and their effects in the client's life |
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Term
| Narrative (Situating Comments) |
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Definition
| publicly identify their own experiences and intentions that guide and affect their work, acknowledging shortcomings and inherent limitations as human beings |
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Term
| Narrative (Letters and Certificates) |
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Definition
| used to document new narratives |
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Term
| Narrative (Audience/Witness) |
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Definition
| clients invite significant people in their lives to witness new narratives by writing a letter, inviting them to a session, or involving them in outside rituals or conversations |
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Term
| Collaborative (Key Theorists) |
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Definition
| Harlene Anderson; Harry Goolishian |
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Term
| Collaborative (Historical Overview) |
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Definition
| each theorist maintains a distinct voice, but share similar social-constructionist premises and practices |
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Term
| Collaborative (Key Concepts) |
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Definition
| Human Systems as Language Systems; Problem-Organizing & Problem Dissolving Systems; Postmodernism & Social Constructionism in Action; Role of the Therapist; Dialogical Conversation; Relational Identity; Outer Talk and Inner Talk; Appropriately Unusual; |
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Term
| Collaborative (Human Systems as Language Systems) |
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Definition
| human systems are language-generating and meaning-generating systems |
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Term
| Collaborative (Problem-Organizing & Problem Dissolving) |
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Definition
| Problems are not experienced unless someone interprets a situation as "problematic"; therapy systems are created because a problem has been identified; clients and therapists co-create new meanings regarding the problem and reinterpretation leads to the problem no longer being experienced as a problem |
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Term
| Collaborative (Postmodernism & Social Constructionism in Action) |
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Definition
| therapist's primary "tool" is her philosophical stance; language is a medium for constructing our reality and therefore continually open to renegotiation. |
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Term
| Collaborative (Role of the Therapist) |
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Definition
| a conversational artist whose expertise is in the area of creating space for and facilitating a dialogical conversation; expert on therapeutic process rather than on the content of client's life; both conversational partners are changed |
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Term
| Collaborative (Dialogical Conversation) |
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Definition
| mutual exchange of ideas and understandings take place; approach to facilitate meaning-generating which opens new possibilities for action and relating |
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Term
| Collaborative (Relational Identity) |
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Definition
| we cannot know ourselves without being in relation to another; identities are intimately bound to our understanding of ourselves in relationship to others |
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Term
| Collaborative (Outer Talk and Inner Talk) |
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Definition
| used to distingiush those conversations we have with others and those that we have with ourselves while in conversation with others |
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Term
| Collaborative (Appropriately Unusual) |
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Definition
| therapists should strive to offer comments that are reflecting the familiar and the unfamiliar, which are most likely to promote alternative perspectives and new meanings |
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Term
| Collaborative (Goals of Therapy) |
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Definition
| transformation; client-determined goals; no therapist defined goals |
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Term
| Collaborative (Assessment) |
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Definition
| does not support a standardized assessment procedure; curious about how all persons in language systems view the problem; client's worldview |
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Term
| Collaborative (Techniques) |
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Definition
| not knowing and curiosity; specifics of not knowing; conversational questions; maintaining coherence with the client's story; accessing the "not yet said"; being public; addressing the therapeutic impasse; reflecting teams; accessing multiple voices in writing |
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Term
| Collaborative (Structure of Therapy) |
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Definition
| therapy conversation Is spontaneous which involves six componenets of internal and external dialogues |
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Term
| Collaborative (Not knowing and curiosity) |
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Definition
| frees therapists from needing to be experts on how clients ought to live their lives; therapist sincerely believe and trust clients as the "expert" of their stories |
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Term
| Collaborative (Specifics of not knowing) |
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Definition
| humility; uncertainty; mutual puzzling; multiple and contradictory idea; not understanding too quickly |
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Term
| Collaborative (Conversational questions) |
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Definition
| maximize new meanings and prompt further questions: based on what client is saying rather than theory; avoid asking any questions to which think therapist thinks they know the answer |
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Term
| Collaborative (maintaining coherence with the client's story) |
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Definition
| therapist must create a apce for clients to tell their stories in their own way by following the clients logic, staying in sync, and keeping pace |
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Term
| Collaborative (Accessing the "Not Yet Said") |
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Definition
| resource for change is in the private conversations that clients have never spoken or thought about- unspoken assumptions or meanings |
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Term
| Collaborative (Being Public) |
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Definition
| therapists share their private inner dialogues; being open about the business of therapy such as diagnoses and conversations |
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Term
| Collaborative (Addressing the therapeutic impasse) |
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Definition
| is the point when the dialogue breaks down and becomes a monologue |
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Term
| Collaborative (Reflecting Teams) |
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Definition
| used to promote new ideas by offering multiple perspectives about a problem; team observes first half of a session and then offers its reflections while the family and therapist observe |
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Term
| Collaborative (Accessing Multiple Voices in Writing) |
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Definition
| generate alternative perspectives with expectation that each new voice offers new possibilities for understanding |
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Term
| Collaborative (Key Theorists) |
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Definition
| Harlene Anderson; Harry Goolishian |
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Term
| Collaborative (Historical Overview) |
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Definition
| each theorist maintains a distinct voice, but share similar social-constructionist premises and practices |
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Term
| Collaborative (Key Concepts) |
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Definition
| Human Systems as Language Systems; Problem-Organizing & Problem Dissolving Systems; Postmodernism & Social Constructionism in Action; Role of the Therapist; Dialogical Conversation; Relational Identity; Outer Talk and Inner Talk; Appropriately Unusual; |
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Term
| Collaborative (Human Systems as Language Systems) |
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Definition
| people give meaning to their experiences and it is this shared meaning, rather than some external factor, that forms the core of any social system |
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Term
| Collaborative (Problem Organizing, Problem Dissolving Systems) |
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Definition
| Problems are not experiences unless someone interprets a situation as "problematic"; therapy systems are created because a problem has been identified; ongoing process of reinterpretation leads to the problem no longer being experienced as a problem |
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Term
| Collaborative (Postmodernism & Social Constructionism) |
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Definition
| therapist's primary "tool" is philosophical stance; language is a medium for constructing our reality and therefore continually open to renegotiation |
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Term
| Collaborative (Role of Therapist) |
|
Definition
| a conversational artist whose expertise is in the area of creating space for and facilitating a dialogical conversation |
|
|
Term
| Collaborative (Dialogical Conversation) |
|
Definition
| a mutual exchange of ideas and understanding; opens new possibilities for action and relating |
|
|
Term
| Collaborative (Relational Identity) |
|
Definition
| we cannot know ourselves without being in relation to another; identities are intimately bound to our understanding of ourselves in relationship to others |
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Term
| Collaborative (Outer talk and inner talk) |
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Definition
| used to distinguish those conversations we have with others and those that we have with ourselves while in conversation with others |
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|
Term
| Collaborative (Appropriately Unusual) |
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Definition
| therapists should strive to offer comments that are reflecting the familiar and the unfamiliar; likely to promote alternative perspectives and new meanings |
|
|
Term
| Collaborative (Goals of Therapy) |
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Definition
| promoting dialogues that are transformative; client-determined goals; no therapist defined goals |
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Term
| Collaborative (Structure of Therapy) |
|
Definition
| therapy conversation is spontaneous which involves six componenets of internal and external dialogues |
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Term
| Collaborative (Assessment) |
|
Definition
| curious about how all persons in language systems view the problem; client's worldview |
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Term
| Collaborative (Techniques) |
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Definition
| not knowing and curiosity; specifics of not knowing; conversational questions; maintaining coherence with the client's story; accessing the "not yet said"; being public; addressing the therapeutic impasse; reflecting teams; accessing multiple voices in writing |
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Term
| Collaborative (Not knowing & curiosity) |
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Definition
| frees therapist from needing to be experts on how clients ought to live their lives; recognizes that clients are the experts in the understanding and interpretation of their experiences; genuine curiosity |
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Term
| Collaborative (Specifics of Not Knowing) |
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Definition
| humility; uncertainty; mutual puzzling; multiple and contradictory ideas; not understanding too quickly; |
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Term
| Collaborative (Conversational Questions) |
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Definition
| questions are used to maximize new meanings and prompt further questions; based on what the client is saying rather than theory; avoid asking questions to which they think they know the correct answer |
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Term
| Collaborative (Maintaining Coherence) |
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Definition
| therapist must create a space for clients to tell their stories in their own way; follow flow and logic of the client's story |
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Term
| Collaborative (Accessing the "Not Yet Said") |
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Definition
| resource for change is in the yet-to-be-said private conversations that clients have never spoken or thought about |
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Term
| Collaborative (Being Public) |
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Definition
| requires that therapists share their private inner dialogues; also being open about the business of therapy such as diagnoses and conversations with outside systems |
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Term
| Collaborative (Addressing the therapeutic impasse) |
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Definition
| the point when the dialogue breaks down and becomes a monologue; therapist should ask "What am I not hearing?" |
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Term
| Collaborative (Reflecting Teams) |
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Definition
| used to promote new ideas by offering multiple perspectives about a problem; team observe first half of session and then offers its reflections while family and therapist observe |
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Term
| Collaborative (Accessing Multiple Voices in Writing) |
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Definition
| letter writing to generate alternative perspectives and make room for silenced inner voices or the voices of significant persons |
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Term
|
Definition
| Boscolo, Cecchin. Palazzoli. Prata |
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Term
| Milan (Historical Overview) |
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Definition
| Founded the Milan Group Center for the Study of the Family in 1971; put into practice Bateson view of intervene with paradox |
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Term
|
Definition
| Epistemology and Epistemological Error; Games; Meaning versus Action; Tyranny of Linguistics |
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Term
| Milan (Epistemology and Epistemological Error) |
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Definition
| an erroneous set of beliefs or distinctions that an individual or family uses to make sense of the world (create and maintain stress and are believed to be the root of family symptomology) |
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Term
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Definition
| unacknowledged strategies and destructive patterns of family interaction in which members attempt to control each other's behavior |
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Term
| Milan (Meaning vs. Action) |
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Definition
| distinguishes between meaning and action to help correct epistemological errors |
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Term
| Milan (Tyranny of linguistics) |
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Definition
| the therapist uses language to create new interpretations of the situation |
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Term
|
Definition
| provide new meanings/distinctions that will alter unproductive rules for family behavior and the family game; focus on process and relational interaction within the family game; family to learn to accommodate/adjust to new info. and beliefs in a way that no family members develop symptoms; |
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Term
|
Definition
| therapy is highly structured; Long-term brief therapy; about 10 sessions held approximately once a month; 1st: observe interactional patterns and family game; 2: focus is on the children; 3: therapists prescribe invariant prescription; 4: parents return to therapy and promoted to the IP and children's co-therapist; 5: addresses the parents' victory or defeat in altering the system and IP symptoms; prescribe "more of the same" & "longer absence from home"; 6+: monitor invariant prescription and IP's progress- highlight parental role |
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Term
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Definition
| Therapeutic Interview: Pre Session- team has a pre-session meeting to discuss initial phone call; Session: 1 therapist is "conductor", team observe communication and behavioral transactions; Interession: break to meet with team and modify hypotheses and propose intervention; Intervention: present brief comments and prescribe intervention (typically paradoxical); Discussion: team discuss family's reaction to prescription |
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Term
|
Definition
| Team Approach; Hypothesizing; Circular Questioning (focus on behaviors); Neutrality (aka curiosity); Positive Connotation; Couterparadox; Rituals; Invariant Prescription |
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Term
|
Definition
| uses a team of therapists who plan a strategy together) "a collective mind" |
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Term
|
Definition
| continually develops hypotheses about family interaction patterns and games and modifies them as the family presents additional information |
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Term
| Milan (Circular Questioning) |
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Definition
| focus on family interaction and behavioral exchanges; serve to undermine a family's belief system; highlight systemic interaction patterns in the family; should focus on specific behaviors rather than feelings or interpretations |
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Term
|
Definition
| refers to the therapist remaining allied with all family members and avoiding involvement in family coalitions; "avoid blaming anyone for anything"; |
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Term
| Milan (Positive Connotation) |
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Definition
| the symptomatic behavior is reframed with a positive connotation |
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Term
|
Definition
| request that the family not change although they came to therapy in order to change |
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Term
|
Definition
| highly structured events and/or interactions that are presented by the team in detail as an intervention that helps provide clarity and consistency in family relationships |
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Term
| Milan (Invariant Prescription) |
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Definition
| requires that the parents form a tight alliance and reestablish their relationship as a couple by having them engage in activities that are kept secret from the children |
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Term
|
Definition
| Watzlawick; Don Jackson; Beavin |
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Term
| MRI (Historical Overview) |
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Definition
| Lots of folks started here: Riskin, Bodin, Haley, Satir, etc.; incorporated beliefs from Bateson and Erickson |
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Term
|
Definition
| Problem; Interactional View; Problem Is the Attempted Solution; More of the Same; First and Second Order Change; Communication; Report and Command Functions; Metacommunication; Double Bind; Symmetrical and Complementary Relationships |
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Term
|
Definition
| characterized by persistent failed attempts to change some distress; difficulties that cannot be resolved |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| problem persist only if maintained by the ongoing behaviors of the client and others with whom the client interacts; therapy focuses on current behavioral patterns and sequences |
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Term
| MRI (Problem is the Attempted Solution) |
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Definition
| problems arise because of mishandling of normal life difficulties; a 'solution' may itself be the problem |
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Term
|
Definition
| the attempt at changing by initiating more of the same solution has the potential to become the problem (i.e think pursuer-distancer) |
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Term
| MRI (First and Second Order Change) |
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Definition
| 1st involves a change in the system's interactional patterns and system itself remains unchanges; 2nd requires change in the organization of the system and change in client's perspective and assumptions |
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Term
|
Definition
| all behavior is communication at some level |
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Term
| MRI (Report & Command Functions) |
|
Definition
| every communication has two aspects: literal message and the action that cues the message recipient on how to interpret the message |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to command aspect of communication- communication about the communication (nonverbal cues) |
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Term
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Definition
| a destructive form of paradoxical communication |
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Term
| MRI (Symmetrical & Complementary Relationships) |
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Definition
| participants mirror each other's behavior; one person assumes a position and the other assumes the opposite position; |
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Term
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Definition
| highlighting attempted solutions to the problem issue(s); FOCUS: is on interrupting attempted solutions that are maintaining the problem; Five Questions in Case Planning; Small, Concrete Steps; |
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Term
| MRI (Structure of Therapy) |
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Definition
| 1. Identify and explore the problem; 2. Identify attempted solutions and the results of such solutions; 3. Formulate a concrete goal; 4. Intervene utilizing MRI techniques and the client's language |
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Term
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Definition
| 4 Step Procedure: 1. Define the problme and identify how it is a problem; 2. determine which solutions have been tried and outcome of attempts; 3. clear description of the concrete change to be achieved; 4. Formulate and implement a plan to produce change |
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Term
| MRI (Initial Interview Questions) |
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Definition
| What is the problem that brings you here today? How is it a problem? What does it stop you from doing or make you do that you do not want to do? |
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Term
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Definition
| redefines the meaning of implications of the problem or attempted solution behavior (emphasize using the client's language) |
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Term
| MRI (Prescribing the Symptom) |
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Definition
| "do more of the same" therapist encourages the client to engage in symptomatic behavior- renders resistance unnecessary |
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Term
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Definition
| language is used to redescribe the pattern and thereby change the interpretation of the symptom |
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Term
| MRI (Dangers of Improvement) |
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Definition
| "go slow" paradoxical instruction so that assignments are carried out carefully; therapist's pessimism can reduce the negative effects of setbacks |
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Term
| MRI (making the covert overt) |
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Definition
| therapist prescribes various behaviors in such a way that covert processes are highlighted |
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Term
| MRI (Advertising Rather than Concealing the Problem) |
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Definition
| have clients advertise a socially inhibiting or embarrassing handicap; has paradoxical effect of reducing anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| complimenting another with the paradoxical result of making that person so; reality is what we have come to call 'reality'; (complimenting a stranger about his/her kindness- more likely to act kind) |
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Term
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Definition
| Initial Interview Questions; Reframing; Prescribing the Symptom: Do more of the same; Relabeling; Dangers of Improvement: Go Slow; Making the Covert Overt; Advertising Rather than Concealing the Problem; Bellac Ploy |
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Term
| Communications (Key Theorists) |
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Definition
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Term
| Communications (Historical Overview) |
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Definition
| Satir argued that the power of warmth and love was essentail in therapy;; worked initially with the MRI group; |
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Term
| Communications (Key Concepts) |
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Definition
| Four Primary Assumptions: Primary survival triad; Body, Mind, Feelings; All forms of behavior are communication; everyone has intrinsic and qual self-worth; survival stances (protect self-worth) |
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Term
| Communications (Four Primary Assumptions) |
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Definition
| 1. People naturally tend toward positive growth; 2. All people possess the resources for positive growth; 3. Every person and every thing or situation impact and are impacted by everone and everything else; 4. Therapy is a process which involves interaction between therapist and client and in this relationships, each person is responsible for him/herself; |
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Term
| Communications (Primary Survival Triad) |
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Definition
| consists of the child and both parents; foundation for an internal sense of being within oneself and in relation to others |
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Term
| Communications (Body, Mind, Feelings) |
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Definition
| form the second triad; interact and influence communication processes verbally and nonverbally |
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Term
| Communications (Communication) |
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Definition
| all forms of behaviors, movement of the body, use of sense organs, and words, are considered communication |
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Term
| Communications (Self-worth) |
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Definition
| everyone has intrinsic and equal self-worth; it is learned and shaped by over and covert messages |
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Term
| Communications (Survival Stances) |
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Definition
| characteristics of family members to protect their self-worth against perceived and presumed threats: placater; blamer; superreasonable; irrelevant; congruence (level) |
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Term
| Communications (Goals of Therapy) |
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Definition
| grwoth will result in symptom reduction; become aware of conflicting messages to ensure a shift toward congruence; relate to individual uniqueness to increase self-esteem; open acknowledgement and recongnition of differentness for person's growth |
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Term
| Communications (Structure of Therapy) |
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Definition
| Stage 1: Status Quo; Stage 2: Introduction of a Foreign Element; Stage 3: Chaos; Stage 4: New Possibilities/New Options and Integration; Stage 5: Practice/Implementation; Stage 6: Goal Attainment/The New Status Quo |
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Term
| Communications (Assessment) |
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Definition
| Symptomatic Behavior; Communication and Survival Stances; Family of Origin; |
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Term
| Communications (Techniques) |
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Definition
| Role of Therapist (equal, safe); Modeling Communication; Family Life Fact Chronology; Family Sculpting; Metaphors; Self-mandala; Parts Party; Ingredients Intervention; Transforming Rules; Temperature Reading; Family Reconstruction; |
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Term
| Communications (Role of Therapist) |
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Definition
| therapist is an equal, unique individual whose role is to assist in the process of facilitating change |
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Term
| Communications (Modeling Communication) |
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Definition
| therapist must speak in first person; express throughts and feelings directly while avoiding statements about what others may think or feel; be honest with others |
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Term
| Communications (Family Life Fact Chronology) |
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Definition
| depicts important events in the life of the family; charting technique involves three complete generations of the family system |
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Term
| Communications (Family Sculpting) |
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Definition
| aka family choreography or spatial metaphor: silently place each person in a position that symbolizes his or her role in the family system from the sculptor's perspective; highlights family strengths, dysfunctions, possibilities for change, and new meanings |
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Term
| Communications (Metaphors) |
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Definition
| used to communicate ideas that language cannot directly describe or to introduce threatening material; storytelling; |
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Term
| Communications (Self-Mandala) |
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Definition
| a tool that is used to represent a person's resources and demonstrate that person's systemic, interconnected nature (innermost circle and eight concentric circles) |
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Term
| Communications (Parts Party) |
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Definition
| identifies, transforms, and integrates inner resources; |
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Term
| Communications (Ingredients Intervention) |
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Definition
| six questions increase awareness and address exploration of one's interaction with others |
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Term
| Communications (Transforming Rules) |
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Definition
1. change the should to a can
2. expand from never to sometimes
3. identify possibilities of I can |
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Term
| Communications (Temperature Reading) |
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Definition
| client or family share specific information about: appreciations & excitements; worries, concerns, and puzzlements; complaints and possible solutions; new information; hopes and wishes |
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Term
| Communications (Family Reconstruction) |
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Definition
| family shares its life story and can take several hours to complete; followed by sculpting: family of origin, parent's family of origin, parents' meeting and marriage, re-sculpting family of origin |
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Term
| Strategic (Key Theorists) |
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Definition
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Term
| Strategic (Historical Overview) |
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Definition
| worked with Bateson, Erickson, Minuchin and was involved in the MRI group; believed that treating an individual for symptoms is like assuming a stick has one end |
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Term
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Definition
| Symptoms Serve a Purpose; Hierarchy; Family Development; Communication and Control; Love and Violence |
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Term
| Strategic (Symptoms Serve a Purpose) |
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Definition
| symptoms serve purpose of maintaining family homeostasis and that they reflect the interdynamics between two or more persons |
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Term
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Definition
| natural organization and distribution of power within any organizational system |
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Term
| Strategic (Family Development) |
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Definition
| transitional points throughout the family life cycle; problems occur at the transition points |
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Term
| Strategic (Communication and Control) |
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Definition
| overt and covert patterns of communication are viewed as an attempt to control or influence others |
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Term
| Strategic (Love & Violence) |
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Definition
| all problems that are brought to therapy can be conceptualized as a struggle between love and violence: to dominate and control; to be loved; to love and protect others; to repent and forgive |
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Term
| Strategic (Goals of Therapy) |
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Definition
| interrupt the covert hierarchical structure and covoert alliances; prevent coalitions across generaltional lines; help move family life to next stage; |
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Term
| Strategic (Structure of Therapy) |
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Definition
| Initial Interview: Social Stage; Problem Stage; Interaction Stage: Goal-Setting Stage; |
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Term
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Definition
| believe traditional diagnosis and formal assessment create unsolvable problems by applying static, unchanging labels to fluid patterns of interaction; Voluntary vs Involuntary; Helplessness vs Power; Metaphorical Meaning vs Literal Meaning; Hierarchy vs Equality; Personal Gain vs Altruism |
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Term
| Strategic (Voluntary vs Involuntary) |
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Definition
| all symptoms, except organic ones, are assumed to be voluntary and under control of the patient |
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Term
| Strategic (Helplessness vs Power) |
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Definition
| those in power are dependent on the powerless to maintain their status; therapists highlight and redistribute power and attendant responsibility |
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Term
| Strategic (Metaphorical Meaning vs Literal Meaning |
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Definition
| symptom may be viewed as a metaphor for problems at another level |
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Term
| Strategic (Hierarchy vs Equality) |
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Definition
| many problems develop from disorganized hierarchy, especially between parents and children |
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Term
| Strategic (Personal Gain vs Altruism) |
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Definition
| problem can be conceived by understanding the symptomatic person's motivation |
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Term
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Definition
| Directives (genuine and paradoxical); Metaphoric Task; Paradoxical Injunction; Ordeal Therapy; Pretend Techniques; Restraining and Going Slow; Positioning |
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Term
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Definition
| assignments to be preformed inside and outside of therapeutic session and are a key intervention; emphasize communication in the present |
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Term
| Strategic (Metaphoric Task) |
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Definition
| a statement or activity that represents or resembles something else; is a directive; typically an easier activity for the family members to deal with |
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Term
| Strategic (Paradoxical Injunction) |
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Definition
| instructs clients to continue with symptomatic behavior in order to avoid a greater problem or for a reason consistent with the family's concerns; intention is to provoke a family to change by rebelling against the therapist |
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Term
| Strategic (Ordeal Therapy) |
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Definition
| assists in alleviating the symptom by making it more trouble to maintain the symptom than to give it up |
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Term
| Strategic (Pretend Techniques) |
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Definition
| asking symptom bearers to 'pretend' to have the symptom and have the other family members respond in session |
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Term
| Strategic (Restraining & Going Slow) |
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Definition
| discouraging the possibility of change- normalizes possible setbacks |
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Term
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Definition
| exaggerating it to hopelessness; therapist taking the "one down" position |
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Term
| Structural (Key Theorists) |
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Definition
| Salvador Minuchin; Harry Aponte; Charles Fishman; Braulio Montalvo; |
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Term
| Structural (Historical Overview) |
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Definition
| Minuchin developed foundations; child psychiatrist; worked with Jay Haley; authored Families and Family Therapyfirst book on structural approach |
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Term
| Structural (Key Concepts) |
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Definition
| Structure; Subsystems; Boundaries; Focus of Treatment |
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Term
| Structural (View of Families) |
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Definition
| a system structured according to set patterns and rules that govern family interactions; composed of multiple subsystems |
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Term
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Definition
| the establishment of rules for family interactions; is defined by the system and compiled into a set of covert rules that govern family interactions |
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Term
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Definition
| formed in congruence with developmental stages and tasks: spousal subsystem, parental subsystem, sibling subsystem |
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Term
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Definition
| invisible barriers that regulate the amount and type of contact one has with others (can be diffused, rigid, or clear) |
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Term
| Structural (Focus of Treatment) |
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Definition
| therapists develops focus of treatment; problem presented by the family is never ignored but therapist is aware of other relevant data affecting the situation |
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Term
| Structural (Goals of Therapy) |
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Definition
| alter the dysfunctional structure to benefit whole family with a healthy, well-defined, structured system including: generational hierarchy, a parental coalition, a spousal subsystem, clear boundaries between all individuals and subsystems |
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Term
| Structural (Structure of Therapy) |
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Definition
| 1. joining and accommodating; 2. mapping family structure; 3. intervening |
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Term
| Structural (Joining and Accommodating) |
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Definition
| therapist enters family system as the "leader"; therapist's ability to adapt, accommodate, and join the system's rules, patterns, and worldview; involves mimesis which includes using, matching, and acknowledging the system's metaphors and themes |
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Term
| Structural (Mapping Family Structure) |
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Definition
| static entity that identifies each family member's position in the family while highlighting interaction patterns, conflicts, and coalitions |
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Term
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Definition
| entire family be addressed: boundaries; complementarity; hierarchy; conflict management |
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Term
| Structural (Complementarity) |
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Definition
| when exaggerated, reciprocal relationsihps between two family members can lead to problems (pursuer-distancer, active-passive, and dominant-submissive) |
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Term
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Definition
| therapist recognizes sequences by observing the spontaneous transactions; therapist directly asking the family to reenact a specific problem; 3. therapist directly intervenes and redirects the interactions |
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Term
| Structural (Spontaneous Behavioral Sequences) |
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Definition
| similar to enactments except the behaviors are spontaneous rather than directed by the therapist |
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Term
| Structural (Challenging Family Assumptions) |
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Definition
| intervene by challenging the family reality, constructs, and assumptions by reframing and highlighting possibilities |
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Term
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Definition
| enacting, focusing, and intensity are used in the process of reframing by allowing the family to experience the transactions, display new meaning, and challenge unproductive familial frames |
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Term
| Structural (Affective Intensity) |
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Definition
| therapists must alter their degree of intensity to the particular needs of the family system |
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Term
| Structural (Shaping Competence) |
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Definition
| highlighting the positive, strengths, and progress |
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Term
| Structural (Boundary Making) |
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Definition
| therapist may actively strengthen boundaries by asking people to speak for themselves, rearranging chairs to affect boundaries, blocking interruptions, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| temporarily taking sides to change family interaction (aligning with an individual in a lower hierarchical position) |
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