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| Female- remember bloody Mary, Legitimacy- Geneology, Lots of money problems, extravagant coronation, Religious problems- she was a protestant, favored protestants, but allowed catholicism hence preventing conflict. French Problems- at war, Scottish problems- independent and resentful, Spanish Problems-, refused to become anyones wife |
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| A pirate who has the sanction of a legitimate government |
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| Born in Stratford-on-Avon, The Chamberlain's men, 3 types of plays- history, tragedy, comedy. Solidified English language- had 27,000 words, invented 2000. |
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| Pure love, when Romeo and Juliet talk time stops, 3 levels of rhyming 1- prose, 2- star crossed lovers not in love scenes iambic pentameter, 3- when lovers talked complete rhyme |
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| Starts as a comedy, racial discrimination, Ultimate tragedy |
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| A German-based language. Kennings- compound words that often had metaphoric tendency |
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| The commoners spoke old English and the royalty spoke French. They naturally compromised on Middle English, |
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| Came about largely through the efforts of William Shakespeare, and the King James Version of the Bible. Rich vocabulary became the mark of the English language |
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| After Edward granted religious freedom he encourage parliament to approve the common book of prayer which contained both catholic and protestant prayers used in worship |
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| Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots |
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| was next in line behind Elizabeth, |
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| Henry the VIII attempted to force the marriage of Mary Stuart and Edward |
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| former catholic priest, turned against the church when a the Catholic Bishop of Edinburgh killed Henry VIII's emisssary while he was tring to arrange the marriage of Mary Stuart to the future Edward. This started the war between England and Scotland. ???? |
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| Great English playwright, born just before Shakespeare, Tamburlaine and DR. Faustus are two of his plays that were popular before Shakespeare became famous, killed at age 29 over a bill at a tavern |
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| Amazing character development, Reality vs Perception, ???? |
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| Hamlet's girlfriend, Ophelia listening to advice from three sources, she doesn't know how to think for herself she memorizes what to say and do but when a pickle arises you cant handle it |
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| The kind is divinely appointed and is responsible only to God. Lords and Parliament, and Church are under the king. |
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| Both used religion (Catholicism) as a means of political control. Both used prestige as a means of rivalry and political control. |
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| Most powerful ruling family in European history. AEIOU- All the world is sobject to Austria. Became Holy Roman Emperors. Expanded often through marriage, if military didn't work. Hapsburg lip and chin. Decline of power because of reformation. Fought Ottomans. |
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| Kings sought to retain the old thinking and emphasized their views by proclaiming the continuance of the medieval concept that they were god's representatives |
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| Germany and the Thirty Years War |
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| Reformation divided German entities into a Protestant North and a Catholic South. Despite the Treaty of Trent (allowed the princes to choose state religion) Jesuit Monks still tried to convert protestants, protestants countered with the same. Eventually the Catholic League and the protestant union met together and made a treaty called the letters of majesty. Emotions tense, laid the ground work for war. Ended by the Peace of Westphalia treaty. Results of war- Roman Empire destroyed, German principalities became individual states, German economy destroyed, 30% population killed. |
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| Catholic League and Protestant Union met together and made a treaty fo have both religions exist without interference from the other. |
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| When the forces of Austria and Spain saw that victory was impossible they signed this treaty to end the war. It didn't declare either side victorious. Terms favored France and the Treat of Trent was reaffirmed. Also recognized other faiths besides Lutheranism |
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| King of France, started the Bourbon Dynasty, changed religion to Catholic to be king, known as Good King Henry, very popular, laid the foundation for the rise to power that France Experienced in the later years of the 17th century. issued Edict of Nantes. Started up many industries in high demand throughout Europe, liked Queen Elizabeth, tried to get in with the peasants "A chicken in every pot", eventually assassinated by religious fanatic |
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| called for religious toleration and equal treatment before the law for both catholics and protestants in France. |
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| King after Henry IV, Henry's son, young, weak and ineffective leader. Cared more for wine and women. Very influenced by his mom, Marie de Medici until he reached maturity. After maturity Cardinal Richelieu his principal advisor was the de facto ruler. |
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| Louis the XIII principal advisor and de facto ruler of France. Solidified political power of France. Manipulated foreign affairs to keep Germany and Spain at each others throats. He used spies,. intrigue, diplomacy, and war. His policies were often non-Christian. Taught that " What is done for the state is done for God, who is the basis and foundation of it". Machiavelli influenced. Ironically even though he wasn't the king he tried to increase the power of the king. Since he was older than Louis he trained a protege Jules Mazarin |
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| Cardinal Richelieu's protege. became cardinal of the Catholic Church. able student, skilled replacement. |
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| came to the thrown young, policies dominated by Mazarin and mother. First major crisis was the revolts of fronde, against the centralization of power. Mostly peasants some nobility. This situation played a huge role in Louis future policies. married Marie THerese of Spain, political marriage. had a series of mistresses and another wife with 7 kids. many wars of expansion (came up with standardized weapons and uniforms, and commissions to feed troops) also initiated a rational system of recruiting, discipline, training, and promotion. which improved moral. Drained much of Frances reserves in these wars. His reign became a Golden age of France. (Sun King) "I am the state". Known as Baroque leader, above the mundane tasks of the world. |
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| War of Spanish Succession |
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| France and Spain wanted a Bourbon King on one side and Austria, England, and the Netherlands. This war waged for 13 years before an agreement was reached with the Treaty of Utrecht |
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| Ended the War of Spanish Succession. Neither side ended up getting all that they wanted. But the treaty favored England, Austria, and the Netherlands. |
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| Dutch were widely Calvinistic. Philip II tried to stop the rebellion and was met with revolt. Spanish Painter "The Surrender of Breda" Picture depicts the mayor Breda handing over the key to the city to the victorious Spanish general. Dutch surrendered to Spain. over 1000 sentenced to death. |
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| Prince who lead the Dutch revolt or in other words the United Provinces. When he died there was a succession crisis. Nobody would accept the position, so they established a govn't where the final authority was the councils. limited power was given to the Stadtholder (leader) |
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| Dutch leader of their government. Was suppose to have limited power but often became just like king |
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| Though the Dutch government was initially successful. Its slow responses lead to its downfall. When it regained its independence Frederic Williams became the king of the Netherlands. Later the Kings power was limited |
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| Parliament sat for 20 years negotiating with the King Charles |
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| 7yrs, very bloody. The Roundheads (supports of the parliament) beat the cavaliers (supporters of the King). The Roundheads forced Charles to accepted a more limited role. |
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| leader of a radical Roundhead Group. Distrusted Charles, forced parliament to end the monarchy and Charles was beheaded. England was then declared to be commonwealth (republic) ruled by House of Commons in Parliament. |
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| Initial ruling group that excluded Episcopalians and dissenting Presbyterians. Ineffective at running the country because of fighting and bickering. Disgusted by Oliver Cromwell, gathered troops and dissolved parliament, he then established the Instruments of Government that established a dictatorship under Cromwell. |
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| Oliver Cromwell dissolved the parliament and became dictator "Lord Protector". |
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| Lutheran religious group that wanted Cromwell and the ROundheads to finish what they had begun and empower the masses. Cromwell crushed the Levellers. |
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| Cromwell's son resigned as leader. The parliament invited Charles the II to become King if he respected the parliament. |
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| Parliament invited James II's protestant daughter, Mary Stuart and her husband, William III of Orange to become queen and king of england. Bloodless coup. They let king James II escape to France. England became a true limited monarchy. |
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| The English Bill of Rights |
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| document that both outlined some of the rights of the English people and clarified the new relationship between the monarchy and the parliament. Law made by parliament. parliament met every 3 yrs. |
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| Understood that Russia was behind Europe culturally, creatively, and technologically. Shifted influence away from Asia. Encouraged the shift. Spent time in England and Holland, saw the value of trade and manufacturing. Tried to establish Russia as a trade an manufacturing hub. realized Russia did have a port to the ocean so he attacked the Baltic. Once conquered, he built a Navy. He Even switched to European dress styles. |
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| Tartars, "people from hell". invaded Russia, Kiev became an important Tartar center. Reinforced the orientation of Russia away from Europe |
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| ruled Moscow, unified varying Russian tribes. |
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| first absolute ruler. Terrible might be awesome. Expanded Russia around the Black and Caspian Seas. forced boyers, Russian Landlords, to accept Moscow authority. |
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