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| Florentine bureaucrat, worked for Medici regime, worked for Savonarola regime, influential in the Republic, Exiled when Medicis regained power, Wrote "The Prince"- dedicated to the Medici |
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| Prince has a duty to stay in power 1)Maintain stability-chaos is the worst possible condition 2)Manage Change-is extremely difficult and dangerous to handle and initiate 3)prepare to be non virtuous-Punishment must fit the crime 4)Be liberal or stingy as required for the moment 5)be loved and feared but favor being feared (avoid hatred)6) Appear to have good qualities |
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| Catholic Church in 15th Century |
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| Corruption of the church led to critics and these were labeled heretics, persecution of heretics, Rome being rebuilt after Babylonian captivity |
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| hated selling of indulgences, German university student studying law- changed to theology, personal commitment to God, took action against wrongs- indulgences, power of pope, church intransigence; posted 95 theses, translated Bible into German, married a former nun, Lutheran Church |
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| decided to solve the Luther problem, held a trial (Diet) in the city of worms, |
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1) prevent revolts (luther)
2) reclaim protestants
3)convert non christians |
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| Catholic church tried to change itself from the inside |
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| Tried to discover through questions and torture, who had strange believes that weren't in accordance with Catholic teachings |
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| lead protestant revolt in Switz, agreed with Luther on many concepts but wanted to tie religion with nationalism, died in battle, Anabaptists (Mennonites, Amish today), believed Bible should be interpreted literally |
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| France, Geneva school of government, disagreed with Luther on many items of doctrine, Presbyterianism, believed in predestination, God is all powerful |
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| Henry II (Need more information) |
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| Wife- Catherine d'Medici, 3 sons Francis II, Charles IX, Henry II |
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| younger son whose brother died, married his brothers widow (Katherine of Aragon), Highly skilled and competent- Jousting, languages, etc. Marriage problems- always unfaithful (had bastard sons) needed a male heir, tried to divorce his wife but pope said no so he created his own church. Marries multiple times. When he dies Edward VI has a son. |
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| dies before he can get married, after his death the crown passes to his oldest daughter (Mary Henry's oldest daughter) |
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| Henry VIII daughter, tried to switch everyone to convert back to catholicism, killed thousands of protestants, married king of Spain- no kids |
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| Friends with Thomas Moore, educated at Catholic priest, translated Bible, strong advocate of Humanism (greatest humanist of the North), created a new Latin translation of the bible, corrected errors he found, unlike Luther he believed in fixing the existing framework of the church. |
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| French writer, Invented essay genre, spirit of the renaissance, morality theme |
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| most well known artisan of the North, Germany, Wood cuts- "The apocalypse"-"art, Knight, Death, and the Devil"-"St Jerome in his Cell"... Self-Portraits- story of brothers in the mine, |
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| The church sought funds, indulgences is paying to diminish time in purgatory through forgiveness of sins, sometimes even before the sins were committed |
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| Selling of church positions |
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| selling of papal exceptions to normal church rules such as ending a marriage, marrying someone closer than laws of sanguity would allow, taking a position in the church before proper age, and holding of multiple church positions that conflict in time and location |
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| Doctorate of theology, taught at oxford, spoke out against the church, hated transubstantiation( literal turning the bread and wine into blood of Christ), celibacy of priests, to much excommunication, tried to excom Wycliff but he had to much support (supporters called Lollards), translated Bible to English- though against church he thought all should have the bible |
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| supporter of Wycliffe's reforms, denied papal infallibility, originally protected by Roman Emperor Wenceslas but when he died he was put to death (even though new Emperor Sigismund promised protection) |
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| Catholic church tried to resist protestantism, some of the changes were militant, some educational , political, and some internal |
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| Part of the counter reformation, society of Jesus, dedicated priests who strengthened the church my being intellectual and moral warriors against those who would harm the church. Often missionaries, |
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| attempted to control what people though read and acted |
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| St. Batholomew's Day Massacre |
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| France, under Charles IX Catherine felt the French protestants had to much power, So she authorized the murder of leaders who came for a wedding, thousands of protestants were killed |
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| contemporary of Luther, translated the Bible into English published in the Netherlands and smuggled it into England |
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| King Henry the VIII's legal counsel. wrote a treatise against Luther, the Pope named him defender of the faith. wrote Utopia, describes the ideas of a perfect society. Refused to agree with King Henry's divorce, stayed silent, found supporting unethical, tried for treason and executed |
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| first well known woodcarver, born in Germany, transition artist bridged the medieval and renaissance styles, |
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| first great dutch painter, adopted techniques from the Renaissance,"Peasant Wedding Feast", used commoners as subjects, showed great detail (dutch trait) |
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| Dutch, unique paintings but little of the renaissance technique, except for realism, them was human folly, and the imminent punishment for sin in hell,"The Garden of Earthly Delights" |
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