Term
| Major provisions of Mexico’s Constitutional text of 1917. (Lyle C. Brown article on “Revolution in Mexico” reader). |
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Definition
Aliens may acquire land only on the condition that they consider themselves to be Mexican nationals and promise not to seek protection of such property by their own government
Under no circumstance is an alien to own land within zones one hundred kilometers in width along international borders or within zones fifty kilometers wide along coasts
#32, Mexicans are to enjoy preference over aliens for all concessions, government positions, offices or commissions
only Mexican nationals may serve in the coutry’s Army, Navy, or Merchang Marine.
#33, aliens may be banished from the country without judicial process merely on orders from the President
#3, instruction in all public schools shall be free and secular
no religious corporation or member of the clergy may establish or direct a primary school
no state religion, marriage is a civil contract
#27 religious institutions are banned from owning land
#27 government has power to divide large estates, to develop small landholdings and to establish new centers of rural population
#123 Rights of labor- can organize unions (sindicatos), establishes a normal workday of 8 hours, provides double pay overtime, limits night work hours and no boys under 17 and no women allowed to work those shifts, no children under 12 can work, 3 month vacation for new mothers, equal pay for equal work, and payment of wages in cash, the right to strike, be protected if injured, and requires compensation for 1 month pay/each year they worked
#130 Authorizing the State to assume ownership of all Church properties including those used for religious ceremonies, authorizing the states to regulate the number of clergy permitted to practice the religious profession and to prevent clergy from voting or assembling for political purposes |
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Term
| Professor Wilkie’s first two of the six ideological phases of Mexico’s “Permanent Revolution” since 1910. |
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Definition
The first of six ideological phases consist of the Political Revolution 1910-1930, consisting of two following sub-categories: Violence 1910-19 and Reconstruction 1920-30. The second ideological phase is the Social Revolution 1930-40.
The Violent & Reconstruction phase: Easy part is to destroy a government; the difficult part is to restore it. Diaz stayed in power for 35 years he became entrenched in power and became a dictator When announced that he’d run for his 8th term, there was resistance, which prompted the Plan of San Luis Potosi by Madero. Then Madero was put in place, but Zapata was not in favor because Madero focused on democracy as opposed to land reforms that were in the Plan of San Luis Potosi. Zapata called him a traitor in Plan of Ayala. Madero lasted 11 months until he was killed and this intensified the war. Huerta stepped to presidency and Plan de Guadalupe was consequently written which discredited Huerta as the president and was supported by the US. Carranza stepped up and accepted 1917 Constitution. Carranza appointed his friend and Obregon was not having it so Obregon was not having it. Carranza was assassinated and 1919 and Obregon stepped up.
Established during the reconstruction: govt administrative structute, banco de mexico, national commission for roads, irrigation, and electricity.
The social phase from 1930-1940 rejected political approach and turned to social solutions. Left wing rose to ascendancy. Portes Gil and Cardenas conduct land reform 1930-34. Railways became nationalized and ejidos were established. Cardenas begins to act in accordance of constitution of 1917. Party goes through changes and ends as PRM shifting from regional bosses to corporativism. |
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Term
| The foundation of Mexico’s Official Party (PRI) and the process by which the Revolution is institutionalized. |
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Definition
| The govt placed by Cardenas, has never lost an important presidential or state governor election, for a couple of reasons. The party has used electoral fraud, or coercion to maintain power, but more commonly the appointment by an outgoing president or governor to be the candidate for the Partido de la Revolucion (PRM) has led to the governmental party staying in power. President Cardenas himself, helped cement and continue this practice by designating Manuel Avila Camacho to be the next presidential candidate for the PRM in 1940, when Cardenas announced he wasn’t running for another term. He did not appoint his lifelong friend Francisco J. Mugica, in order to protect some of the revolutionary gains that would be lost because Mugica would incite more right-wing activity. I. |
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Term
| Mexico’s three legal land reforms. |
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Definition
Santa Anna- State power over all lands and subsoil rights, recentralization
Constitution of 1917- re-iterate State control of land rights and fixed a loophole Juarez’s Constitution in 1857 by preventing the rise of new haciendas. It required the distribution of land to communities, not individuals. Land collectively held cannot be put up for collateral to obtain loans and thus was dependent on the government for credit
1992 by Salinas who revised the Constitution of 1917 to grant ownership of title to the land currently being worked on by a family, thus ending complete control over the land that had been held by community councils. |
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Term
| Mexico’s “one-party system.” Pay particular attention to Plutarco Elías Calles’s role as the “Great State Builder,” his contribution to Mexico’s political stability as well as his economic achievements. (Frank R. Brandenburg’s article on “Revolution in Mexico” Reader). |
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Definition
4. his contribution to Mexico’s political stability as well as his economic achievements.
Calles’ achievements (1924-28)
i.Direction of national fiscal and monetary systems in the hands of the state
1.Central bank of Mexico
ii.Financial stability
iii.Public road construction
1.National Road Commission
iv.National Irrigation Commission
v.Public ownership of subsoil rights (like petroleum)
vi.Electric power industry regulated under a national electricity code
vii.National Bank of Agricultural Credit
viii.Professional Army
Calles led during the Private Sector domination of the “continuing revolution”
He limited the role of the church
He favored Ejidos run by individual families
The “one-party democracy” retained explicit power from 1929-2000, but changed names over the years
i.PNR (1929-1938)- strongmen and bosses controlled everything
ii.PRM (1938-1946)- 4 sectors: peasant, industrial, popular, military
iii.PRI (1946-2000)- put the military sector under government control
He was eventually deported (1936) by his successor Cárdenas |
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Term
| Cardenas’s impact and contribution to the Revolution. What did his “corporativists” actions achieved and why were they so significant? |
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Definition
Corporavitism:He removed regional business men and established a govt based on social sectors of related to occupation. This is significant way they managed to dominate every sector.
The system requires that all large private enterprises join associations like chambers, but a position on the advisory board would be for the govt. The role assured representation of Presidents views and the views of the member companies as well as other corporatist associations that were represented through the sindicatos. The chambers which represent private capital have thus gained more political importance. This is because of their direct link to the President. The four sectors Peaseant, Indusdtrial, Popular, and Military had been established. The most important group was left out but given an advisory role to the President.
President Cardenas and his administration are given credit for expanding the distribution of land to the peasants, establishing new welfare programs for the poor, nationalizing the railroad and petroleum industries, including the oil company that Cardenas founded, Petróleos Mexicanos. Also the end of the use of capital punishment.
· Impactful because he established a party that ultimately became a dictatorship.
· He exiled the corrupt like Calles and those who were affiliated with him. |
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Term
| Causes that led to the Revolution of 1910. What was Madero’s goal? Was he concerned with political aspects, or social aspects? |
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Definition
Diaz further marginalization of the peasents/campesinos was one of the causes along with the overall growing resent of his dictatorship. Even the wealthy wanted him to be overthrown because in light if the economic crisis and the tight hold on credit lines , they believed that if he was overthrown their debts would be erased.
Diaz announced that he’d run for his 8th term, there was resistance. Madero wrote up The plan of San Luis Potosi and demanded democracy. Francisco Madero led the resistance (trained at Cal) for democracy
· Declared the election illegal
· Sunday the 20th of November to rise in arms
· Pacho Villa responded to the call to arms (Farmers)
· Began war against Diaz in Chihuahua and Morelos
· In Morelos, by Emiliano Zapata (Land reform, and social justice)
Madero was focused on the political aspect of the revolution, although in the san luis potosi plan he did have some land points its overall argued that politics was his focus. |
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Term
| Contributions of the Northern Dynasty. (“Revolution in Mexico” reader, Howard F. Cline article). |
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Definition
With the death of Carranza in 1920, the men of Sonora dominated Mexican politics for the next 13 years. Obregon would be Carranza’s successor and chose Calles as his own successor in 1924.
The north had been the chief Mexican heir of the Spanish Bourbon traditions. Obregons victory in 1920 would begin the succession of his Northern henchmen, who would all go on to pick their own successors. It started with Huerta (1920), Obregon (1920-24), Calles (1924-28), Obregon (1928), and Calles puppets (1928-33). Howard Cline calls these the Neo-Bourbons. The sanction for their absolutism was not Divine Right like the old Bourbons, but the Constitution of 1917. They both had insistent drives for material improvements, relied on a newly elevated middle class, and were both determined to build a yeomen agricultural society. They both also sponsored cultural and educational reforms, anticlericalism. The Mexican Bourbons program was “Mexico for the Mexicans”. |
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Term
How many "Statist Periods" are shown in the Schema? Anti-Statist Periods?
Active State Periods? In which are we now? |
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Definition
Statist – Aztec Conquest
Statist – Spanish Conquest
Anti-State Revolution – sought independence from Spain
Statist – independence from spain
Anti-statism vs. Statism – chaos
Active-state – legal revolution
Statist revolution – under Maximillian
Active state revolution
From Anti-state to Active state revolution – under Diaz
Chaotic Anti-statist – political revolution
Active state revolution (1917-64)
Statist Revolution (1965-82)
Anti-statist (since 1983) |
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Term
| To what extent was Lázaro Cárdenas a "Statist"? Alemán an "Anti-Statist"? |
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Definition
1.First define the terms statism and anti statism
Suffice it to say here that "Statism" occurs anywhere when the State Central Government controls more than half (often all) of the national economy (GDP) and regulates politics and society under a dictatorship. Theoretically the State is more important than individuals, who are expected to follow orders of their supreme leader and his regional and local bosses, doing so without argument.
Statism defined: Statism occurs when the Central Government controls over 50% of a country’s gross domestic product (GDP) and/or excessively regulates the internal economy and trade with other countries--the bureaucracy stifling innovation by the private sector as well as by the Government itself. Statist systems drive much of the private sector into the underground economy and damage the countrys ability to export because many of its goods are not able to compete in the world market. Statism encourages smuggling of goods into a country because the internal market which is protected by high tariffs and/or regulatory restriction on imports—does not provide incentives to produce goods that can be acquired abroad at lower prices. As we will see, under Statism in Mexico, citizens found that they could travel to the USA to buy higher- quality goods than produced in Mexico, and with the savings from lower prices and lower taxes, enjoy a vacation and still have money left over. Ironically, then, Statism encouraged smuggling of goods into Mexico and harmed Mexican domestic industrial growth.
Anti-Statism seeks to break Mexico’s history of excessively strong Central Government by decentralizing power to the provinces and/or shifting power to the Private Sector. It seeks to open the national economy to foreign goods by forcing capitalists to reduce their profit margins, pay more taxes, and raise the quality of goods produced to be able to compete in world markets. For complexities introduced in Mexico’s income tax reform of 2007, see the discussion below, which also discusses the problematic VAT tax on sales.
Cardenas- statist-cardenas preferred ejidos be worked on as a group by collectively operated ejidos. Full land reform. Founded the bank of ejido credit. Established the pemex. Nationalization of oil companies. Nationalized railroads under ferrocarrilles nacionales de mexico.
Since 1938, "Corporativism" (involving government based upon social sectors related to economic occupation) has dominated Mexico, regardless of the change in 2000 (after 71 years) of the Official Political party controlling the Presidency. Corporativism results in co-government by bureaucrats and workers, for example, in the case of education, the officials of the Secretariat of Education determine policy and textbooks, but the Teachers Union determines where teachers are assigned and which teachers are promoted.
Corporativism, a Statist economic system inaugurated by the Fascist regime of Benito Mussolini in Italy as Corporativismo, was adapted in modified form by Francisco Franco in Spain, Adolf Hitler in Germany, and Stalin in the USSR. Although the Italian system was based upon unlimited government control of economic life, it preserved the framework of private capitalism and private corporations, but under the control of Corporativism. Legislation of 1926 and later years set up guilds and associations (to become known as chambers in Mexico), which included employees and employers who administered various sectors of the national economy. These were represented in the national council of corporations. The corporations were generally weighted by the state in favor of the wealthy classes, and they served to combat socialism and syndicalism by absorbing the trade union movement. The Italian Corporativist state aimed in general at reduced consumption in the interest of national development.[1]
Although in Mexico Corporativism gave the Official Party the power to control society from the top down, by 2000 the balance had shifted to give the labor unions great power in protecting jobs at the expense of modernization of the national economy. Within the government, e.g., the unions may explicitly or implicitly block government decisions.
For example the PEMEX Union has 10,000-job position assigned to it with full pay and benefits. Because most of these posts are vacant, the Union can retain the funds for whatever uses it wishes. Further, PEMEX Union receives direct government subsidy to assure that workers do not strike or destroy PEMEX property. This protection is necessary to prevent the Union from calling a strike ; any strike by PEMEX would cripple Mexican industry and bring the country to a halt. Temporary import of gas and oil is not possible because the distribution system is owned by PEMEX and the Union would shut down all gas stations.
Similarly, the Associations of Capitalists (called the Chambers of Business and Chambers of Industry that function under Corporativism) have become so powerful that, although they must negotiate with labor unions (sindicatos, which are monopolies in their own right), they do so on the basis of monopolies that harm consumers TELMEX has the world’s highest cost rates for users.
The monopolies are so powerful that they have prevented the formation by the government of a much-needed strong Commission enabled to break monopoly practices by encouraging competitiveness.
2.Miguel aleman on the other hand- Miguel Alemán Valdés (September 29, 1902 May 14, 1983) served as the President of Mexico from 1946 to 1952. shaped relationship of politics and big business. Economic man. Respected by USA. Over saw Mexico’s industrial period. Authorized and encouraged the ride of joint US mexican private companies. Protected companies against nationalization. Cracero program for mexicans to work in the USA. Removed the military sector to be subservient to the political sector. Government encouraged entrepreneurers such as Gonzalez Barrera through making an alliance with the official party.
Conclusion-Miguel Aleman not a staunch anti statist often encouraged entrepenuers with government support. Also the same could be said of cardena. |
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Term
| To what extent does PEMEX belong to the Mexican people? |
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Definition
-Nationalized 17 foreign oil companies conglomerated. Provided many of the mexican citizens.
-Left Labor union in charge of new nationalized industry.
-Profits could be generated for non-private use such as the building of schools, clinics, roads, scholarships, and higher work salaries, while also generating reasonable taxes to be paid to the federal government.
For example the PEMEX Union has 10,000-job position assigned to it with full pay and benefits. Because most of these posts are vacant, the Union can retain the funds for whatever uses it wishes. Further, PEMEX Union receives direct government subsidy to assure that workers do not strike or destroy PEMEX property. This “protection racket” is necessary to prevent the Union from calling a strike—any strike by PEMEX would cripple Mexican industry and bring the country to a halt. Temporary import of gas and oil is not possible because the distribution system is owned by PEMEX and the Union would shut down all gas stations.
With control of this sort by the labor union, it is fairly obvious where the control lays with regard to PEMEX: Labor Unions, run by PEMEX laborers a.k.a. The citizens of Mexico manage to control their salary in addition to use some of their profits to benefit the community; however, further corruption severely limits the proper amount of profits to be directed towards the good of Mexico, a problem all over the country. |
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