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An attribute or quality a thing is said to possess;
universal- in more than one thing at a time
immutable/eternal
inherence- in other things; had by other things
no causal power |
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Properties which a particular thing may or may not possess; not essential to what the thing is
i.e. color, height, weight, etc. |
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properties which a particular thing must possess
i.e. rational, emotional, and willful capacities |
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properties that exist b/t two things; accidental or essential
i.e. bigger than, to the left of, more intelligent than |
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That which has being in itself
particular- only be in one place at one time
substances can change and are not necessarily eternal
fundamental existants-do not inhere in other things
have causal powers |
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| The sum of the essential properties of a thing that make it what it is; its "whatness"; not substance which is the "thatness" of a thing |
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| the view that natures or essences possess objective reality; they exist in things themselves |
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| the view that natures or essences are merely names by which we group things together that possess similar features |
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| the view that essences or natures exist, but only as ideas in our minds; not objective reality |
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Reality is reducible to one basic substance
Sensible- Thales (Water) and Heraclitus (Fire)
Non-Sensible- Pythagoras (Number) and Parmenides (Being) |
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Reality is more than one thing
i.e. Earth, Air, Fire, Water (Empedocles) or atoms (Democritus) |
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| Reality is made up of the material and immaterial; version of pluralism; material is empirically experienced while immaterial is experienced through religion and intellect |
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1) explanatory power- for existence and nature of the universe; consciousness
2) accepted through history |
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1) Doubt of Non-Empirical Substances
2) Interaction- how does immaterial interact with material
3) Violates Ockham's Razor |
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| All of reality is reducible to matter; monism; no immaterial substance; all matter is governed by physical laws that can explain everything |
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1) Empirically based
2) Explanatory power- can account for everything in terms of matter and energy
3) Ockham's Razor |
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| Weaknesses of Materialism |
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| 1) Explanatory power- can it really account for all reality? |
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| a thinking substance; synonymous to "soul" or "person"; substance with mental properties (ideas); not equal to the brain |
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| substance with extension, figure, and motion (independent of will) |
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| Man is made up of 2 distinct substances: immaterial (mind) and material (body) |
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| The mind and body interact in some way; doesn't solve the Mind/Body Problem, it just restates it |
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| for every physical state there is a corresponding mental state, but there is no causal relationship between them; problem: how do you account for the relationship |
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| Physical states have been pre-ordained by God to correspond with the appropriate mental state; problem: no free will, God is the author of evil |
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| On the occasion of physical stimuli, God creates the appropriate mental state; Problem: God is still in control of the mental state |
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| the mind is an emergent property of the brain; the brain can cause the mind but not vice versa; mental states are a by-product of physical states; problem: willful actions |
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| only one substance exists: mental; no brain, just the mind; no physical states; all that exists is in the mind and ideas |
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| To be is to be perceived; everything is dependent upon being perceived for its existence; if something is not perceived, it does not exist |
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| a property which exists independently of the perceiver: size, shape, movement (physical properties) |
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| a quality whose existence is dependent upon a perceiver: color, sound, and taste (mental properties) |
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| the belief that I am the only thing that really exists; everything else is a result of my own mind and therefore dependent on me for their existence |
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| employing a concept in a system in which it is inappropriate; i.e. I hear red; some say Berkeley made this mistake in calling the mind a thing |
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| just because for every mental state there is an existing brain state, doesn't mean that every mental state is IDENTICAL to a brain state; if you have one, you always have the other, but it does not make them identical |
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| behavior patterns are all that is observable about a person, but there may be more |
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| All there is to being a person is behavior patterns; tendencies to behave certain ways under certain stimuli |
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| All mental states are reduced to a physical process or system rather than a substance; mental states play roles in a network of neuro-physical relationships consisting of bodily inputs; mind is a description of how the system works, not what it is |
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| Problems with Materialism |
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morality is impossible- no choice
reasoning is impossible- if it is determined, why worry about reasoning out materialism (self-defeating) |
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| Indiscernability of the Identicals |
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| If any two terms are talking about the same thing, then whatever is true about one of the terms is true about the other |
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| properties; subjective conscious experience |
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| not able to be corrected or improved |
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| everything that exists and happens is a result of the law of causality |
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| Some human actions are free from the nexus of cause and effect; sometimes, humans can determine to do one thing or another; the ability to do otherwise |
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| The idea that determinism and human freedom are compatible; human actions are determined, but that doesn't effect freedom or moral responsibility |
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| the idea that new agents can begin new strings of causation in the human life |
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| human will is somewhat influenced by preexisting law but mostly is a result of free will |
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| 3 Problems of the Identity Thesis |
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Definition
1) Moral Problem- can moral predicates be applied to a physical body?
2) Epistemological Problem- If i believe something to be true but it is actually false, then I am in a false physical state, which is impossible
3) Problem of Co-Extensionality- just because there is a mental state for every physical state does not mean that they are identical |
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