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| metabolic pathways that consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones - protein synthesis |
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| metabolic pathways that release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simple compounds - cellular respiration |
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| energy stored in molecules |
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| First Law of Thermodynamics |
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| energy can be transferred and transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed |
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| Second Law of Thermodynamics |
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| Every energy transfew or transformation makes the universe more disordered (every process increase the entropy of the universe) |
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| a measurement of disorder or randomness |
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| matter under study that is isolated from its surroundings |
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| energy can be transferred betweenn the system and its surroundings |
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| totality of an organisms chemical processes; emergent property, interaction between molecules and cells |
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| part of energy lost as heat |
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| the amount of energy that is available to do work |
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| Free energy is the difference between the total energy (H) and the energy not available for doing work ( TS ) |
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ΔG decreases
the system must give up energy (decrease in H, enthalpy), order (an increase in S, randomness), or both |
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| The greater the decrease in _____- the greater the ______ amount of work the spontaneous process can preform. |
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| As a reaction approaches to equilibrium, the free energy of the system ______ |
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a reaction that proceeds with a net loss of energy
chemical products have less free energy than reactants
reaction is downhill
spontanous reaction
ΔG is negative
-ΔG is the maximum amount of work the reaction can preform |
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an energy-requiring reaction that proceeds with a net gain of free energy
products store more free energy than reactants
non-spontaneous reaction
reaction is uphill
ΔG is positive
+ΔG is the minimum amount of work required to drive the reaction |
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| taking the energy of an exergonic reaction to make it power endergonic reactions |
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energy shuttle
adenine nitrogenous base
ribose (5-carbon sugar)
3 phosphate groups in a chain (energy located)
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| Phosphorylated intermediate |
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| the molecule that recieves the inorganic phosphate from ATP |
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| reactants very unstable from absorption of heat; reaction begins to occur |
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the substance an enzyme acts on and makes more reactive
the more of it, the faster the reaction |
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region on enzyme that binds to substrate
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substrate enters enzyme and induces it to change its shape slightly so that active site fits snugly around substrate to enhance enzyme ability
distorts bonds of substrate- less thermal energy needed to break them
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| #1 structural component of the enzyme resulting in bonds weakening and breaking of the tertiary structure |
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small, nonprotein molecules that are required for proper enzyme catalysis (helpers)
inorganic-zinc, iron, copper
organic-vitamins (coenzymes) |
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| certain chemicals that selectivly inhibit the action of specific enzymes |
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| chemicals resembling an enzymes normal substrate that compete with it for the active site |
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| noncompetitive inhibitiors |
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enzyme inhibitors that bind to another part of the enzyme molecule, cause enzyme to change its shape
PERMANENT |
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| enzymes that can turn a reaction on or off |
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