degradative

release energy

consume energy

build molecules

capacity to cause change

rearrange collections of matter

energy of the universe is constant

energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed

a system can put heat to work only when there is a temperature difference that results in the heat flowing from warm to cool

every energy transfer or transformation increase the entropy of the universe

unstoppable trend toward randomness of universe as a whole

for a process to occur on its own without any help it must increase the entropy of the universe

cannot occur on its own

will happen only if energy is added to the system

"G"

portion of a system's energy that can perform work

measure of instability

state of maximum stability

never spontaneously move away from equilibrium

system at equilibrium can do no work

(cell at equilibrium is dead)

net release of free energy

negative G

spontaneous

absorbs free energy

positive G

non-spontaneous

constant flow of materials in and out

some reversible reactions are pulled in one direction--kept out of equilibrium

product does not accumulate

cellular respiration: huge free energy difference between glucose and oxygen

contains sugar, ribose, nitrogenous base adenine, three phosphate groups

macromolecule catalyst

globular protein

initial investment of energy for starting a reaction

provides barrier that determines rate of reaction

weak

hydrogen, ionic

active site provides a template for properly orienting substrate

enzyme stretches molecules toward transition state form

active site provides microenvironment for optimal conditions

participate directly

nonprotein helper for catalytic activity

inorganic

protein's function at one site is affected bybinding of regulatory molecule to a separate site

inhibit of stimulate

substrate binds to one active site and triggers shape change in all subunits

amplifies response of enzymes to substrates

most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway

oxygen is consumed as a reactant

loss of electrons

loss of Hydrogen ions

gain oxygen

lose energy

gain electrons

gain hydrogen ions

lose oxygen

absorb energy

molecules built into inner membrane of mitochondria

electrons cascade down chain from one molecule to another of increasing electronegativity

occurs in cytosol

glucose to two pyruvates

spends 2 ATP, make 4=net 2 ATP

2 NADH also produced

pyruvate to acetyl CoA

produces CO2 and NADH per pyruvate

Krebs cycle

complete breakdown to CO2

generates 6 NADH (3 per turn), 2 FADH2 (1 per turn), 2 ATP (1 per turn), 4 CO2 (2 per turn)

ETC

generates most ATP

NADH generates less than ATP

no

but it is in anaerobic respiration

gradual process by whihc animals adjust to changes in eternalenvironment

NOT adaptation

physiological state of decreased activity and metabolism

save energy while avoiding danger