Term
| _____ is the sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells synthesize new organic components for |
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Definition
a.Growth and repair
b.Producing secretions
c.Performing structure maintenance
d.Storing nutrient reserves |
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Term
| During _____, a molecule of glucose is converted into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid and net gain is 2ATPs and 2 NADH + H+ |
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Definition
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Term
| Inside the mitochondria, each pyruvic acid loses a ? |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ is the process of synthesizing glucose from lipids, amino acids, or other non-carbohydrate sources (such as lactic acid). |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is the process of formation of glycogen. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ is stored in skeletal muscle cells and liver cells (hepatocytes) under stimulation of insulin. |
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Definition
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Term
| Although lipids and proteins can be broken down to provide substrates for the _____, _____ is preferred because it requires the least ____ and ____ |
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Definition
TCA cycle
carbohydrate
processing and preparation. |
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Term
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Definition
a.begins with the formation of a molecule CITRIC ACID
b.Forms CO2
c.Removes electrons (H+ ) by NAD and FAD and transfers electrons to the ETS (electron transport system)
d.Uses substrate level of phosphorylation by forming GTP to provide a molecule phosphate to ADP |
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Term
| The main function of the TCA or Krebs cycle is ? |
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Definition
| is to remove hydrogen atom (electron) from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes. |
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Term
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Definition
a.Coenzymes receive hydrogen atoms from NADH+ H+ and FADH2
b.Oxidative phosphorylation takes places.
c.Chemiosmosis occurs
d.DO NOT produce ATP but creates a condition for ATP formation (via gradient concentration of H+) |
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Term
| Substrate level of phosphorylation is a mechanism to make |
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Definition
| ATP by transferring DIRECTLY a phosphate group from the substrate to ADP. |
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Term
Oxidation phosphorylation is the MOST IMPORTANT mechanism for the generation of ___ by removing ___ from the substrate (oxidation) and transferring electrons to the ____ in order to create a _______. The movement of H+ will activate ATP synthase to add a group of _____ to ____.
In other word, In oxidation phosphorylation, energy for the synthesis of ATP is provided by the MOVEMENT OF H+ through channels in the respiratory enzymes |
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Definition
ATP
electrons
ETS
chemiosmosis of H+.
phosphate
ADP |
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Term
| STEPS in oxidative phosphorylation include: |
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Definition
a.Removal of hydrogen atoms from a substrate molecules by coenzymes
b.Ionization of hydrogen ions (producing H+)
c.Electrons are passed along the ETS, losing energy in a series of small steps.
d.Forming water by passing electron to one-half of a molecule of oxygen. |
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Term
| In glycolysis (ANAEROBIC), each molecule of glucose that is metabolized releases net |
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Definition
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Term
| In the process of cellular respiration ( both aerobic and anaerobic), each molecule of glucose that is metabolized yields energy to form |
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Definition
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Term
| In order for glycolysis to occur |
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Definition
a.Glucose must be available
b.ATP is needed initially (consuming ATP)
c.NAD must be available
d.No oxygen is required. |
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Term
| ____ act as an intermediary that accepts electrons from one molecule and transfers them to another molecule |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ contains a protein and a pigment. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Triglycerides are broken down into GLYCEROL and FATTY ACIDS |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Epinephrine and norepinephrine, thyroid hormones, and cortisol (exercise) |
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Definition
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Term
| Fatty acids will use ________to provide _____. |
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Definition
| BETA-OXIDATION to provide ATP |
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Term
| Glycerol will be converted to ___ . Then ____ the catabolic pathways to ____ in order to form ____. ____ will enter to TCA (Krebs) cycles |
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Definition
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphatenters
pyruvic acid
Acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA |
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Term
| Mechanism of BETA-OXIDATION includes: |
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Definition
a.It occurs in the mitochondria matrix
b.Breaking down fatty acids into two-carbon fragments (C2) (acetyl CoA) that can be metabolized by the TCA cycle
c.It requires coenzyme A, coenzyme NAD, and coenzyme FAD
d.It yields LARGE amount of ATP |
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Term
| Essential fatty acids are |
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Definition
| linoleic acid, linolenic acid |
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Term
| Catabolism of amino acids requires |
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Definition
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Term
| 29. VLDL (very low-density lipoproteins): |
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Definition
a.Contain more triglycerides
b.manufactured in the liver
c.Are transported from the liver to peripheral tissues |
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Term
| HDL (high – density lipoproteins): |
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Definition
a.Contains more cholesterols and phospholipids
b.Carries cholesterol from the peripheral tissue to the liver |
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Term
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Definition
a.Are the lipoproteins that are formed in the intestine to carry lipids into circulation (via lacteal) and transport lipids to adipose tissue for storage
b.Contain more triglycerides |
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Term
| Catabolism of protein is not a practical sources of quick energy because: |
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Definition
a.The energy yield from protein is less than from lipids
b.Proteins are more difficult to break apart
c.Protein catabolism produces a toxic by-products
d.Homeostasis is affected at the cellular and organismal levels. |
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Term
| ___ the amino group of an amino acid is transferred to a keto acid |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ , the amino group of an amino acid is removed to form AMMONIA (NH3) or AMMONIUM (NH4+) |
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Definition
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Term
| Urea is formed in the liver by converting |
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Definition
| toxic ammonia to non-toxic urea. |
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Term
| In adults, there are __ amino acids. Human are unable to synthesize____ So these essential amino acids must be present in the diet. |
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Definition
20
8 essential amino acids |
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Term
| A high uric acid level above 7.4 mg-dL can lead to |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Catabolism of Nucleotides |
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Term
| The nucleic acid that can be metabolized to supply energy is |
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Definition
| RNA (with nitrogenous base pyrimidine only) |
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Term
| Catabolism of Nucleotides PYRIMYDINE from RNA will provide |
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Definition
| sugar (C5) for glycolysis (forming ATP) |
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Term
| Catabolism of Nucleotides PURINE from RNA is impossible but PURINE |
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Definition
| can be deaminated and excreted as uric acid. (not forming ATP) |
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Term
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Definition
a.Gluconeogenesis (formation of new glucose) increases
b.Proteins can be used as primary source
c.Carbohydrate catabolism is not significant (decreases)
d.Increase the level of circulating ketone bodies --> ketoacidosis |
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Term
| During the absorptive state |
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Definition
a.The liver cells and skeletal muscle cells form glycogen
b.Glycogenesis |
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Term
| During post-absorptive state |
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Definition
a.The liver cells form glucose by glygogenolysis, glucose will be catabolized for energy
b.The skeletal muscle cells form glucose 6-phosphate which can enter glycolysis for energy
c.Ketone bodies may be formed due to lipolysis
d.Gluconeogenesis (new glucose will be produced in the liver) |
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Term
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Definition
a.Contain adequate amount of vitamins and minerals
b.Adequate substrates for the production of energy
c.Adequate amount of ESSENTIAL amino acids
d.Adequate amount of ESSENTIAL fatty acids |
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Term
| Cholesterol is important in the human body because: |
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Definition
a.It is a lipid component of all cell membranes
b.It is key components of bile
c.It serves as the precursor of several steroid hormones and vitamins |
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Term
| A growing child, a pregnant woman, a person recovering from illness is in a state of |
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Definition
| positive nitrogen balance. |
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Term
| Factors that affect the BMR (basal metabolic rate) include: |
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Definition
| age, sex, physical conditions, body weight, and genetics |
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Term
| Vitamin A maintains ____ and is required for the |
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Definition
epithelia
synthesis visual pigments of the eyes. |
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Term
| The vitamin that is a constituent of the coenzymes FAD is |
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Definition
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Term
| The vitamin that is a constituent of the coenzymes NAD is |
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Definition
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Term
| The vitamin that is a constituent of the CoA is |
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Definition
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