Term
| What is the process of cellular respiration used for by the cell? |
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Definition
| to utilize food molecules, such as carbohydrates, and turn them into a usuable energy molecule to do work. (Adenosine triphosphate= ATP) |
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Term
| List and give the functions of glycolysis. Where in the cell does this take place? |
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Definition
sugar metabolism that generates 2 NADH+ H+, 2 net ATP and provides the starting molecule for Kreb's- pyruvate are made for every one glucose that enters Glycolysis.
Occurs in the cytoplasm(cytosol) |
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Term
| List and give the functions of the Kreb's Cycle. Where in the cell does this take place? |
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Definition
metabolism of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA, wich which will then enter a metabolic cycle to produce more NADH+H+ , FADH2, and ATP. These carrier molecules will be utilized in the ETC along with those made in Glycolysis to make more ATP by oxidative phosphorylation.
Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria |
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Term
| List and give the functions for ETC. Where in the cell does this take place? |
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Definition
metabolism that involves chemiosmotic process. KE from protons and energy from electrons drive ATP synthases to make ATP via oxidative phosphoylation. NADH + H+ and FADH2 provide the protons for this process.
occurs on the inner membrane of the mitochondria |
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Term
| What is a chemiosmotic mechanism? |
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Definition
| it combines chemical reactions with substances crossing a membrane. In the ETC, reactions occur with proteins(FMN, Q, and cytochromes) in the inner membrane and protons cross the membrane to provide KE to ATP synthases |
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Term
| What is substrate-level phosphorylation and in which step does this process occur? |
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Definition
when an enzyme uses substrates(a molecule and a Pi and the enzyme puts the Pi on the molecule, or a molecule carring a phosphate and another molecule without a phosphate and the enzyme transfers the phosphate) in a manner that results in a phosphorylation.
Used in Glycolysis and Kreb's |
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Term
| What is oxidative phosphorylation? In which step does this process occur? |
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Definition
when movement of ions(protons) across a membrane provides energy to synthesize ATP, such as with ATP synthases in the ETC.
Used in the ETC |
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Term
| Explain the energetic forces that drive the phases of cellular respiration |
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Definition
| Kinetic energy of electrically charged ions(protons) provides energy to the ATP synthases by traveling through them while flowing down their gradient. This is referred to as a proton motive force. The synthesis of ATP in this fashion is called oxidative phosphorylation. The coupling of this process with chemical reactionsis called chemiosmotic mechanism. |
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Term
| Describe the process of anaerobic respiration. Under what circumstances is this process used by the bidy? What are the starting molecules and ending products(and their quantities)? |
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Definition
| occurs if there is an oxygen deficit in the tissues doing work. Pyruvate from Glycolysis will be turned into lactic acid rather than entering the Kreb's cycle. The starting molecule is ultimately glucose. The ending molecules are(2) lactic acids(one for each pyruvate that was made from the glucose). 2 NET ATP are made(versus 36 in cellular respiration). |
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Term
| List and generally describe fat and protein metabolism |
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Definition
fat metabolism- beta oxidation is a form of fat metabolism where an enzyme called lipase cleaves fattcy acid chains of triglycerides after the beta carbon following the addition of a CoA molecule to the end of the chain. The result is a two-carbon molecule with a CoA on it called Acetyl CoA, which can enter the Kreb's cycle
protein metabolism- there are 2 kinds that alter amin acids: oxidative deamination and transamination |
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