Term
| What are the three functions of metabolism? |
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Definition
1. provide energy to maintain/grow the organism
2. build chemicals needed by the organism
3. breakdown waste/toxic chemicals not needed by the organism |
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Term
| Definition of Anabolic Pathway. |
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Definition
| pathway that BUILD chemicals. This process consume energy. For example: glyconeogenesis (building of glycogen) |
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Term
Definition of Catabolic Pathway.
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Definition
| Pathway that BREAK DOWN chemicals. This process is energy releasing. For example: breaking down of glucose-Glycolysis. |
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Term
Which of these compounds have more energy?
a. A highly reduced compound.
b. A highly oxidized compound. |
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Definition
| A. a Highly reduced compound. For example: NADH vs. NAD+ |
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Term
| Acetyl CoA could be synthesized from? |
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Definition
1. Glycolysis
2. Amino Acid
3. beta Oxidation of fat |
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Term
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Definition
1. acetyl coA can be oxidized via Kreb cycle under aerobic condition. Energy is released in form of GTP, NADH, FADH2.
2. Acetyl CoA may be converted back to fatty acid via condensation.
3. Acetyl Coa may not be converted back to pyruvate.Hence, fatty acid can not be converted back to glucose. |
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Term
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Definition
1. glycolysis does not required oxygen. But it required NAD+. If NAD+ is not available, pyruvate is converted to lactate to regenerate NAD+ concentration.
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Term
| Define Gluconeogenesis and under what condition does cells ultilize this ANABOLIC reaction. |
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Definition
Gluconeogenesis= new glucose synthesis.
1. when glucose concentration is in excess.
2. when the body need glucose to feed the brain during starvation. Protein and fat will be broken down to form pyruvate. pyruvate is converted back to glucose.
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Term
| Name two ways in which NAD+ concentration is regenerated. |
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Definition
1. Puruvate-->lactate
2. NADH--->NAD+ in Electron transport chain. |
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Term
| What is a ketone body? and its sources |
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Definition
ketones bodies are a major fuel in some tissues especially during prolonged starvation. 75% fuel needs of the brain are met by ketone bodies during starvation.
ketone bodies can be regarded as a water-soluble, transortable form of acetyl unts.
fatty acid>acetyl coa>ketone bodies in liver> blood> brain cell> ketone bodies>acetyl coa>CAC> ATp
1.converted from Acetyl coA.
2. break down of ketogenic amino acid |
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Term
| what are the long term storage of energy in the body? |
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Definition
1. glycogen
2. triacylglycerride. |
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Term
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Definition
does not store glycogen.
dependent on steady level of plasma glucose
blood glucose is provided by diet or by liver. |
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Term
| what is lactic acidosis? why is this phenomenon important to the body's well-being? |
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Definition
Accumulation of lactate due to increased glycolysis or tissue ischemia leading to decrase of body's pH.
increase [lactate] or other anions results in the anion gap becoming larger.
Anion gap= (positive cation)- (negative anion)
if there is signiciant negative anion concetration, the anion gap will increased.
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Term
| What is the clinical significant of using anion gap measurement? |
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Definition
| Anion gap increased as a result of increasing anion compounds/molecules such as lactate or chlorides in blood. This increase in anion gap will lower pH, thus signalling possibly malfunction such as cardiac malfunction, pulmonary (lung) malfunction or mitochondrial malfunction. |
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Term
| Name one way that the body will do to restore after acidosis occured. |
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Definition
| Acidosis will induce rapid shallowing breathing in an effort to expel Co2, which should decrease acidosis. |
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Term
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Definition
1. when glucose in not available, a.a. and TCA intermediates are used to make sugar (gluconeogenesis). this result in depletion of TCA intermediates and hence, decrease ability to prcess fat derived acetyl coa.
2. accumulation of acetyl coA result in conversion of acetyl coA and other CONDENSATION products called ketone bodies.
3. keton bodies [liver] >>> Blod>>> muscle (converted to acetyl coA and used for energy production). |
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Term
| What is the name for "normal levels of fat metabolism?" |
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Definition
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