1. Make Glucose from nonhexose sources

2. bypasses the non reversible steps of glycolysis with other enzymes

3. the energy need to drive this process come from fatty acid metabolism

4. mostly in the live, some in the kidney

1. first bypass step

2. HCO3 + Pyruvate-> oxaloacetate

3. uses ATP, biotin

4. occurs in the mitochondria

1. oxaloacetate -> malate

2. malate moved out through transporter

3. Malate back to oxaloacetate

4. Malate dehydrogenase

5. produce NADH, used to reverse GAPDH

1. oxaloacetate-> PEP+ Co2

2. uses GTP

3. is in both cytosol and mito.

4.

1. Lactate-> pyruvate

2. in mito. Makes NADH does  not transfer an NADH to cytosol

fructose-1,6Bisphosphatase

(FBP1)

1. second bypass step

2. Fru-1,6P -> Fru-6P

3. inhibited by Fru-2,6P makde by PFK2

4. activated by FBP2

Fru-2,6P -> Fru-6P

fructose-2,6Bisphosphatase

FBP2

regulation

1. FBP2 and PFK2 linked together

2. cAMP dependent kinase add P, activates FBP

3. Glucagon and high cAMP activate FBP2, which activates FBP1

1. 3rd bypass step

2. remove P from C6

3. same enzyme in glycogen metabolism

1. pyruvate->PEP

2. block this and you dont have to go through long first step bypass in the mitochondria

3. Inhibited by alanine, and when phosphorylated, which is cause by glucagon

1. TCA, using fatty acid derived aCoA produces the energy needed for gluconeogensis

2. oxidation of aCoA is dependent on the amount TCA intermediates

3. gluconeogenesis of AAs and Pyruvate all go throught the TCA intermediates

4.removal of oxaloacetate decreases the rate of FA oxidation, and the exces aCoA is used for keotgenesis (why starvation has high ketones)

1. glucogenic AAs can be used to form glucose in gluconeogenesis

2. first step to to deaminate

3. which throught the TCA cycle convert to oxaloacetate to enter gluconeogenesis

1. breakdown of AAs lead to NH3 production

2. need to be moved to the liver

3. transfer N from AA to pyruvate to form alanine which is notoxic and will bring N to liver

aminotransferase

and

Glutamate dehydrogenase

1. trasfer NH3 to ketoacids, often produces glutamate

2. require B6

1. removes NH3

2. glutamate-> ketogluterate+NH₄

3. blocked by ATP, makes NADH uses H20

Gltuamine synthetase

vs

Glutaminase

1. glutamate -> glutamine

2. adds NH4 to glutamate

3. uses ATP

4. Glutaminase Glutamine+ H2O

-> glutamate + NH4

1. setup set for urea cycle

2. HCO3+ NH4+ 2ATP -->

carbamoyl phospate (NH2,CO2,P) +ADP+ Pi

3. Activated by N-acetyl glutamate

1. glutamte +aCoA->

N-acetyl glutamate

2. activated by arginine

3.major regulator for the Urea cycle

1. step 1 in urea cycle

2. in mito.

3. Carbamoylphos.+ ornithine--> Citruline, move to cytosol

1. step 2 of Urea cycl

2. Citruline + aspartate--> arginino-Succinate

3. adds the second Nitrogen

1. step 3 of urea cycle

2. Arginino-succinate--> Arginine (continue cycle) + fumarate (TCA or gluconeogenesis)

1. step 4 of urea cycle

2. Hydorlysis of Arginine

3. arginie + H2O-> Urea + ornithine, goes back in to mitochondria

1. Glutaminase-Glutamine -> Glutamate+NH4

2. Glutamate dehydrogenase- glutamate +NH4

3. Aspartate aminotransferase- Take NH3 from glutamate to make aspartate from oxaloacetate