Term
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Definition
a. First urban civilization; had city-states
b. Land between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates
c. Split in two regions
d. NW is Babylon, SE is Sumer
e. No natural frontiers, constantly attacked
f. Annual unpredictable flood |
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Term
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Definition
a. 1146-led out of Egypt in 13th century
b. Went to Mount Sinai
c. Received law from God |
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Term
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Definition
means “city” in Greek
b. state of mind, citizenship, mythology, philosophy, where did humanity come from, inquiry on universe, security within the walls
c. Basis of Hellenic thinking
d. Rose from the Dark Ages |
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Term
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Definition
a. Rule according to justice, law, and truth
b. kept stability, people followed the rule, the Pharaoh follows it, if you don’t follow Ma’at, you don’t follow the pharaoh
c. Israel |
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Term
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Definition
a. takes over city-state and rules like a dictator
b. seized power illegally
c. spends lots of money to get votes and appeals to people that way |
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Term
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Definition
a. Citizen of the world
b. Broader look at the world
c. Monarchy/king
d. Hellenism-community of all people
e. Age of anxiety-can we get a good life? |
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Term
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Definition
a. Written alphabet
b. When holidays take place
c. Used pictographs
d. Clay tablet with reed to put wedge on
i. Wedge-shaped symbols
e. Mesopotamia |
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Term
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Definition
a. Egyptian god of the afterlife
b. Responsible for the flooding of the Nile |
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Term
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Definition
a. 4th Century BC
b. Student of Aristotle, military leader
c. Conquered modern Middle East
i. New military practices
ii. Conquered in 11 years
iii. Spread Greek culture
d. Built Alexandria, Egypt
e. Destroyed Persian empire
f. Viewed three different ways
i. Mythological, romantic
1. Religious and secular, holy
2. Saint in Egyptian church
ii. Achilles, hero of the Trojan war
iii. Visionary-universal brotherhood
g. Died from having a drunken orgy in 332 BC |
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Term
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Definition
a. Sense of well being or place
b. Mental state, confidence
c. Sparta |
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Term
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Definition
a. Founder of the first dynasty, conquered upper and lower Egypt, first Egyptian ruler
b. Had villages up and down the river that were loyal to him
c. Built a totem pole
d. Egypt |
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Term
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Definition
a. People were enslaved in 586 BC when Neobabylonian empire conquered Assyria
b. Nebuchadnezzar was ruler, took best to Babylon to train for administration of empire
c. Jeremiah had predicted the captivity
d. 70 years of enslavement
e. Egypt was destroyed
f. Land went wild |
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Term
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Definition
a. Destroyed Mycenae in 1200 BC
b. Had iron weapons of war
c. Greek-speaking |
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Term
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Definition
a. Not fortified, no weapons
b. Destroyed by earthquake in 1400 BC
c. Writings in Linear A
d. Worshipped goddesses and bulls |
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Term
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Definition
a. Greek
b. Accurate and inaccurate
c. Iliad and Odyssey author |
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Term
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Definition
a. Idea that the human mind was able to formulate abstract laws
b. Basis for scientific speculation and political government
c. Result of human action, laws govern human relation, not gods
d. Basis for reformers rejection of clan and kinship relations
e. Laws made by citizens, assemblies, amend constitution |
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Term
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Definition
a. Temple in the middle of the city of Sumer
b. Believed to be a “stairway to heaven”
c. Step pyramid
d. 2000 BC
e. Dedicated to gods |
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Term
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Definition
a. An important code of law that sought to cause justice to prevail in the country, to destroy the evil, and that the strong won’t oppress the weak
b. Hammurabi wrote it (1972-1750), ruler of Babylonia
c. Written to restructure Babylonian society |
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Term
| Why is the Neolithic Revolution called that and what does it mean? |
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Definition
"new stone age"
utilitarian (making tools, work together), development of villages, use of seeds/plants, not nomadic, domestication of animals, social order, division of labor (social order) |
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Term
| What time period was the Neolithic Revolution? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Discuss the roles of the villagers in Mesopotamia/Sumer. |
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Definition
collective unity/not individualism
Family, clan, and tribe made up villages
• Agriculturists grew food
• Town people bought food
• Pastoralists followed herds (valley in winter, mountains in summer; transhumans)
• Hunter/gatherers hunted game, searched for food (got smaller over time, finally settled)
• Nomadic groups would move around country to find water and grass, yearly circuit, trade wherever |
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Term
| Discuss the social order and division of class of the Neolithic period. |
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Definition
Elected chief who has proven in warfare, negotiations
Council of male elders assisted chief, position depended on relation to chief
• Organized labor, who does what
• When festivals are
o Pay homage to god/s
• Organize defense force
• Trade
Urban society
• Labor: building, producing food, trade and commerce, educated class, guild (certain categories together), seat of government, development of writing and math |
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Term
| What was cuneiform (Neolithic)? |
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Definition
o Cuneiform-Sumer alphabet
Written alphabet
When holidays took place
Used pictographs
Clay tablet with reed to put wedge on |
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Term
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Definition
a. First urban civilization; had city-states
b. Land between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates
c. Split in two regions
d. NW is Babylon, SE is Sumer
e. No natural frontiers, constantly attacked
f. Annual unpredictable flood |
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Term
| What were some characteristics of Sumer? |
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Definition
Metal tools: iron, copper, bronze
• Allowed to build on a large scale
• Trade for metals
• Weapons of war (helmets, shields, spears, arrows)
• Make boats, wagon wheels, pottery |
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Term
| How are flooding and religion related in Sumer? |
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Definition
Unpredictable annual flood, deposited soil on plain, keeping the land fertile
• People stored water from flood
• Could irrigate 10,000 square miles
• The gods would punish and reward people (crops, rain) |
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Term
| What were the three sections of social structure in Sumer? |
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Definition
| King and priest, land owners, free and slaves |
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Term
| What was the Ziggurat and where was it located? |
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Definition
a. Temple in the middle of the city of Sumer
b. Believed to be a “stairway to heaven”
c. Step pyramid
d. 2000 BC
e. Dedicated to gods |
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Term
| How do the religious life and the environment correspond in Sumer? |
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Definition
Appeal to gods
Polytheistic-many gods
Egypt’s floods were predictable, unlike Sumer’s
They would check the intestines of an animal to decide whether or not to go to war
Stele: wrote the laws of god on it
Gods would punish and reward people, demonic and evil gods
• People wore amulets for protection against gods
Everyone has the same religion, gods not eternal
There were main gods plus tree gods
• Polytheistic and pantheistic (can be present and in anything)
• Present in society, part of the creation (tree, stone) |
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Term
| How was the land split in Egypt? |
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Definition
o Split into 2 parts: along river valley, the Delta is lower Egypt, the interior is Upper Egypt
Pharaoh is in charge of both sections |
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Term
| What are the five dynasties of Egypt? |
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Definition
| Split into parts of time: Old Kingdom, 1st Intermediate Period, Middle Kingdom, 2nd Intermediate Period, The New Kingdom |
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Term
| Discuss the nature and flooding of Egypt. |
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Definition
Annual flood of the Nile river in October (predictable)
Natural barriers (mountains in the south, desert in east and west, Delta and Mediterranean in north)
• Isolation and protection |
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Term
| What were Egypt's ideas to the world/history/life? |
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Definition
Thought world was unchanging and stable
Never dreaded anything or worried
Continuity-life is possible and certain
History was not linear, cyclical, thought things reoccur
Death is a part of the unchanging universe |
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Term
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Definition
a. Founder of the first dynasty, conquered upper and lower Egypt, first Egyptian ruler b. Had villages up and down the river that were loyal to him c. Built a totem pole 3100 BC? |
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Term
| Briefly discuss things that happened in the dynasties of Egypt. |
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Definition
Old Kingdom-orderly and stable, pyramid age 2686-2181 BC
• Menes was founder of the first dynasty, conquered upper and lower Egypt, first Egyptian ruler
o Had villages up and down the river that were loyal to him
Pharaohs adopted those towns’ symbols and put them on staff
o Built a totem pole
1st Intermediate-Menes’ family and priests take over
• Pharaoh dies at war 2181
• Civil war broke out
Middle Kingdom-2040-1650 BC
• Reunified, move south, control Delta, expeditions
2nd Intermediate-1786-1686 BC
• Foreign rulers defeat Egyptians
• Artisans, introduced a horse harness
New Kingdom-1681-335 BC
• Armies move east
• In battle with Babylon and Syria
• Ends with Alexander the Great |
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Term
| Compare and contrast Egypt and Mesopotamia. |
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Definition
Egypt: Political Stability, Upper/Lower Joined 3000 BC, Small Habitable Area, 10,000 Square miles, More Fertile/Arid, needs Nile, Protected by Desert, Mediterranean Sea, Relative Isolation, Religious Fabric: One piece, pharaoh part of, predictable flood
Mesopotamia: Instability and Disunity (Conquered by Sargon, No real glue to hold it together), Support Population even without river, Subject to attack from all sides, Established trade and community ties with rest of Middle East, Religious: Patchwork Quilt, unpredictable flood |
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Term
| What were some characteristics of Ancient Israel? |
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Definition
1000 BC
Monotheistic
Abraham was shown God (2185-2000 BC)
Moses led out of Egypt, received law from God on Mt. Sinai-1446 BC
Judeo Christian heritage
System of ethics & behavior plus relationship to god made Israel’s contribution
Period of Patriarchs – 1 tribe under 1 leader |
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Term
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Definition
a. Rule according to justice, law, and truth
b. kept stability, people followed the rule, the Pharaoh follows it, if you don’t follow Ma’at, you don’t follow the pharaoh
c. Israel |
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Term
| What was the Babylonian captivity? |
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Definition
• Babylonian captivity (Babylon destroyed in 530BC) o Israelites held captive 70 years until Persian ruled, planted crops wrong o Nebuchadnezzar-ruler, laid seeds, took best warriors to Babylon to train from administration of the empire o Cyrus-Persian ruler, rebuilt city and temple a. People were enslaved in 586 BC when Neobabylonian empire conquered Assyria b. Jeremiah had predicted the captivity e. Egypt was destroyed & land went wild |
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Term
| What was the Hebrew thought and three main points of Israel? |
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Definition
3 main points of Israel
• Religion unique-monotheistic
• Concept of individual, judged by God
• God is active in history
o History is linear, no reoccurrences, human history is a process leading to a goal of no sin and evil, doesn’t require divine intervention
Moral autonomy
• Created by God, self awareness (I am…), free moral agent, no person can claim their soul
God is everywhere, merciful, external |
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Term
| How did the prophets of Israel prove themselves and were tested? |
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Definition
| • Shouldn’t speak of other gods, speak with divination or sorcery, the prophecies actually happen, how is their moral character, weren’t religious opportunists (giving prophecy for reward), ministry should by authenticated |
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Term
| What were the seven ways the prophets of Israel delivered messages? |
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Definition
| • Orally or preaching, written down, symbolic act or making something, parables, metaphor, fiery speech or condemning something, typical speech using a person or even to make a point, visions or ecstatic state (“the word of the lord came to me”) |
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Term
| What was the main Greek plant? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What were the two Greek languages? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What were the characteristics of Ancient Greek civilization? |
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Definition
Writings on walls, black pottery, legends
• Legends passed down orally
• Homer
• Pottery found in other areas symbolized trade
• Commercial empires |
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Term
| What was the artisan class of Ancient Greek? |
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Definition
| • Potters, stonemasons, sculptors, artists |
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Term
| What and when was the period of decline for Ancient Greek civilization? |
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Definition
• Material wealth declined
• Fire as destruction
• Attacked by Dorians
• Destroyed Mycenae in 1200 BC |
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Term
| Discuss the tombs of Mycenae and what they mean. |
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Definition
• Shaft tombs-straight down
o Weapons in grave showed us they were a warrior class
o Sicilian pottery showed us they had trade relations
• Beehive tombs-rock wall like pigeon holes
o Sophisticated pottery showed they were well advanced |
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Term
| How and when was Mycenae destroyed? |
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Definition
• Attacked by Dorians and destroyed in 1200 BC
o Dorians had iron weapons |
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Term
| Discuss the characteristics of Mycenae. |
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Definition
• One of the earliest city-states, near Sparta
• Well fortified
• Worshipped gods of war
• Commercial empires (trade), colonies on Sicily, ruled by priest’s kings |
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Term
| Discuss the characteristics of Minoa. |
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Definition
• Not fortified, no fear of invasion
• No weapons or warrior class
• Had writings in Linear A
• Worshipped goddesses and bulls |
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Term
| How and when was Minoa destroyed? |
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Definition
| Destroyed by earthquake in 1400 BC |
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Term
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Definition
| takes over city-state and rules like a dictator, spends lots of money to get votes and appeals to people that way |
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Term
| What was the rise of the Greek Polis? |
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Definition
| Rise of: began at the end of the Dark Ages, revival of town life |
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Term
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Definition
| Polis means city in Greek, state of mind, citizenship, mythology, philosophy, where did humanity come from, inquiry on universe, security within the walls |
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Term
| What happened when the Polis was formed? |
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Definition
| Power challenged by artisans and merchants, practices started to be written down, Constitution formed, blow to aristocratic power, provided statements of legal principle (legal precedent, appeals), rational law and order, greater flexibility in judgment, bisecular mindset |
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Term
| What were the ideals of the Polis |
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Definition
Basis of Hellenic thinking
Community bound by speech, language, and culture
Olympic games every 4 years dedicated to gods
Hominocentrism- idea that the human mind was able to formulate abstract laws
• Basis for scientific speculation and political government
• Result of human action, laws govern human relation, not gods
• Basis for reformers rejection of clan and kinship relations
• Laws made by citizens, assemblies, amend constitution
Protects justice, Eunomic
Eunomia (sense of well being or place)
• Mental state, confidence |
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Term
| What was the Parthenon/Acropolis? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What were the causes of the decline of the Polis? |
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Definition
Causes of the decline:
• Peloponnesian war (431-404)
• Sparta vs. Athens
o Sparta destroyed Athens’ agriculture
• Bubonic Plague/Black Death (430)
• Syracuse expedition (415)
o Lost 50,000, trapped for 27 days
• Sparta destroyed Athens’ walls (404) |
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Term
| What were the effects of the Polis declining? |
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Definition
Individuals had to find a new relationship to a larger world
Tyrants emerged, love of power
Extreme individualism |
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Term
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Definition
-citizen of the world
o Broader look at the world
o Monarchy/king
o Hellenism-community of all people
Age of anxiety-can we get a good life? |
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Term
| Discuss Alexander the Great. |
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Definition
o 4th Century BC
o Student of Aristotle, military leader
o Conquered modern Middle East
New military practices
Conquered in 11 years
Spread Greek culture
o Built Alexandria, Egypt
o Destroyed Persian empire
o Died from having a drunken orgy in 332 BC |
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Term
| What were the three different ways Alexander the Great was viewed? |
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Definition
o Viewed three different ways
Mythological, romantic
• Religious and secular, holy
• Saint in Egyptian church
Achilles, hero of the Trojan war
Visionary-universal brotherhood |
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Term
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Definition
Roman emperor/prefect of Judea from AD 26 until AD 36.
He is best known as the man who was the judge at the trial of Jesus and ordered his crucifixion, according to the Bible |
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Term
Where was he and how did he get there?
** |
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Definition
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Term
How did he handle conflict?
** |
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Definition
| "ambitious and successful" |
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Term
| What event played a major part in his legacy? |
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Definition
He is best known as the man who was the judge at the trial of Jesus and ordered his crucifixion, according to the Bible.
Pilate presided at the trial of Jesus and, despite stating that he personally found him not guilty of a crime meriting death, handed him over to crucifixion. |
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Term
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Definition
| He was recalled to Rome. No longer prefect went into retirement |
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Term
| ESSAY: Why is the development during the Neolithic period referred to as the ‘Neolithic Revolution’? |
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Definition
| New stone age-utilitarian (making tools, work together), development of villages, use of seeds/plants, not nomadic, domestication of animals, social order, division of labor (social order) & how they are all relevant |
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Term
| ESSAY: Compare and contrast Sumer with Egypt. How were they similar? How were they different? Evaluate each in terms of cultural, political, and religious factors. |
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Definition
| Egypt: Political Stability (Upper/Lower Joined 3000 BC), Small Habitable Area (10,000 Square miles), More Fertile/Arid, needs Nile, Protected by Desert, Mediterranean Sea, Relative Isolation, Religious Fabric: One piece, pharaoh part of, predictable flood Mesopotamia: Instability and Disunity (Conquered by Sargon, No real glue to hold it together), Support Population even without river, Subject to attack from all sides, Established trade and community ties with rest of Middle East, Religious: Patchwork Quilt, unpredictable flood |
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Term
| ESSAY: How did the Hebrew’s view of God mark a revolutionary break with Near Eastern religious thought? |
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Definition
| Monotheistic (unique), individualism, dignity and moral autonomy, God is active in history, is holy, free moral agents but His judgment matters, time is linear (vs. cyclical) |
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Term
| ESSAY: What factors caused the decline of the Greek city-states in the Fourth Century B.C.? |
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Definition
a. Peloponnesian War, Bubonic/Black Plague, Syracuse expedition (lost 50,000) b. New mentality (structure and thought) c. Saw themselves as individuals (Polis suffering) i. See law different d. How Polis declines e. Cosmopolitanism-monarchy |
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Term
| ESSAY: Compare and contrast the Minoan civilization with the Mycenaean. How were they similar? How were they different? Evaluate each in turns of cultural, political, and religious factors. |
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Definition
a. Compare: commercial civilizations, both ruled by kings b. Contrast: i. Minoan: Crete island, more fertile, natural barriers for isolation, no fortification, developed Linear A & B languages, religion on bulls and mythology, destroyed in an earthquake in 1400 BC ii. Mycenae: mainland of Greece, rocky and not big on agriculture, grew olives and used olive oil, had walls for protection and fortification, religion of gods of war, destroyed by Dorians in 1200 BC |
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