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| a term used to describe a form of monarchical power that is unrestrained by any other institutions, such as churches, legislatures, or social elites. |
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| Mechanism exercised by a minor political party or other group whose guaranteed support may enable an otherwise unable (small) group to obtain and hold office. |
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| a member of the highest rank of the feudal Moscow, Kiev, Russian, Bulgarian, and Moldavian aristocracies, second only to the ruling princes (Bulgarian Emperors), from the 10th century through the 17th century. |
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Cardinal Jules Mazarin- (July 14, 1602 – March 9, 1661) |
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| was an accomplished French statesman of Italian origins who served as the chief minister of France from 1642 until his death. Mazarin succeeded his mentor, Cardinal Richelieu. His modest manner contrasted with the imperious Richelieu. Mazarin continued Richelieu's anti-Habsburg policy and laid the foundation for Louis XIV's expansionist policies. |
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| Revolt against the growth in royal authority in France that lasted from 1648-1653. Both powerful nobles and the lower classes fought against the young King Louis XIV, who ultimately overcame them. |
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Thomas Hobbes- (1588-1679) |
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| English philosopher who zealously advocated the rule of absolute monarchy in his book Levinthian (1651). He argued that only by placing absolute power in the hands of one man could society prevent human affairs from lapsing into a “state of nature” where each man warred against every other man. |
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| The House of Hohenzollern is a noble family and royal dynasty of electors, kings, and emperors of Prussia, Germany, and Romania. The family split into two branches, the Catholic Swabian branch and Protestant Franconian branch. The Swabian branch ruled the area of Hechingen until their eventual extinction in 1869. The Franconian branch was comparatively more successful. Branches within the Franconian branch ascended the throne of Margravate of Brandenburg in 1415 and of the Duchy of Prussia in 1525. The union of these two Franconian branches in 1618 allowed the creation of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701, the state which led the unification of Germany and the creation of the German Empire in 1871. |
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| a branch of Catholic Gallican thought which arose in the frame of the Counter-Reformation and the aftermath of the Council of Trent (1545-1563). It emphasized original sin, human depravity, the necessity of divine grace, and predestination. Originating in the writings of the Dutch theologian Cornelius Otto Jansen, Jansenism formed a distinct movement within the Roman Catholic Church from the 16th to 18th centuries, and found its most important stronghold in the Parisian convent of Port-Royal, haven of many important theologians and writers. |
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| the hereditary feudal land-owning class in Prussia from which the army traditionally drew most of its officers and generals |
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| Louis XIV’s “Grand Strategy” |
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| of France (Bourbon, ruled 1643-1715) overcame the resistance of both the nobility and the peasants during the Fronde revolt to emerge as the most powerful monarch in Europe. Throughout his reign, Louis centralized power and government in France around his person. |
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| “L’etat c’est moi”- ("I am the State") |
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| is attributed to Louis XIV, though considered an inaccuracy by historians. "Je m'en vais, mais l'État demeurera toujours." ("I depart, but the State shall always remain"). – Louis XIV on his deathbed. |
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| theory that global wealth was static and that a nation became wealthier at the expense of other nations. A Nation’s wealth was increased by importing more gold and silver into its economy than it sent out. |
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| Serfdom is the socio-economic status of labored peasants under feudalism. It was a condition of bondage or modified slavery which developed primarily during the High Middle Ages in Europe. Serfdom was the enforced labor of serfs on the fields of landowners, in return for protection and the right to work on their leased fields. |
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| in 1661, when Louis XIV commenced his personal reign that the young king showed interest in Versailles. In 1678, after the Treaty of Nijmegen, the king decided that the court and the government would be established permanently in Versailles. |
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