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Gustavus Adolphus- (1611-1632) |
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Definition
| of Sweeden. The palatinate asked him to intervene on the protestant side in Brandenburg, Germany. He led his army of about 70,000 men and subdued Catholic Poland. Allied with Emperor Ferdinand. |
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| Maximilien de Bethune- (1560-1641) |
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| was the doughty soldier, French minister, staunch Huguenot and faithful right-hand man who enabled Henry IV of France. In 1601, he authorized the free exportation of grain and wine, reduced legal interest, established a special court to try cases of peculation, forbade provincial governors to raise money on their own authority, and otherwise removed many abuses of tax-collecting. The political role of Sully practically ended with the assassination of Henry IV on May 14, 1610. |
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| of France, (Valios, ruled 1560-1574) became king of France at age ten; his mother, Catherine de’ Medici, ruled as regent while he was a minor. |
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Ferdinand II- (1578-1637) |
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| Archduke of Inner Austria, and Holy Roman Emperor from 1619-1637. The expansion of the ongoing acts of rebellion against his Imperial Governors in Bohemia on May 23rd, 1618 directly triggered the Thirty Years' War, and can be blamed on his religious intolerance toward Protestants. he remained one of the staunchest backers of the Anti-Protestant Counter Reformation efforts as one of the heads of the German Catholic League, prolonging the Thirty Years' Wars by insisting the Edict of Restitution be enforced. |
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| of France, (Valios, ruled 1515-1547) Renaissance prince, patron of Leonardo DaVinci, and rival of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V for domination of Europe. He signed the Concordat of Bologna in 1516 with Pope Leo X. |
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| of France, (Valios, ruled 1559-1560) succeeded his father, Henry II, to the French throne at age 15, but died after a reign of only eighteen months. |
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| of France, (Valois, ruled 1547-1559) son of Francis I, signed the Peace of Cateau-Cambresis with Spain in 1559, Henry took part in a jousting tournament and was accidentally killed, leaving his wife, Catherine de’ Medici, as regent. |
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| of France (Valios, ruled 1574-1589) succeeded his brother, Charles IX. During his reign Henry attempted to walk a fine line between earning the support of the Catholics and attempting some rapprochement with Protestants. In 1588 he had Henry, Duke of Guise, assassinated. Some months later a Catholic monk assassinated Henry III himself, ending the Valios dynasty. |
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Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) |
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| of France (Bourbon, ruled 1589-1610) founder of the Bourbon dynasty. He was a man of pragmatic religious outlook who declared the Edict of Nantes, which attempted to end years of strife between Protestants and Catholics in France. |
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| Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) |
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Definition
| of France (Bourbon, ruled 1610-1643) centralized the power of the monarchy with the aid of his able minister, Cardinal Richelieu. During the Thirty Years’ War, Louis became allied to England and the Dutch Republic against the Hapsburg Empire. |
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Marie de Medici- (1573-1642) |
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| a distant relative of Catherine de’ Medici. Married Henry, this marriage brought a sizeable dowry that Henry used, in part, to pay off more international debts. She bore the constant burden of her husband’s various infidelities and occasional bouts with gonorrhea. |
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Catherine de Medici- (1519-1589) |
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| Henry II’s widow, served as regent to the first of her three sickly and incapable sons. She was called “shop-keepers daughter” because she was of a different class than the others who ruled. She was the daughter of the man whom Machiavelli had dedicated The Prince to. |
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Cardinal Richelieu- (1585-1642) |
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| minister of Louis XIII who expanded the administrative authority and fiscal reach of the crown. |
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Albrecht Wallenstein- (1583-1634) |
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| Bohemian noble, became a supplier of armies. Raised as a Lutheran, converted to Catholicism and became one of the most powerful Catholic generals. He alternated between extreme generosity and horrible cruelty. He was entrusted by Ferdinand with raising and commanding an army drawn from the myriad nationalities fighting for the catholic cause, marched north with 30,000 men. |
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