Term
Fluid Deficit [Hypovolemia]
S&S |
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Definition
• ↓ body temp, blood pressure, urinary output
[oliguria], weight
• ↑ HR, RR, Hct, Hgb, RBCs
• Weak pulse, weakness
• Dry, mucous membrane
• Flushed, dry skin
• Low-grade fever
• Dry furrowed tongue
• Dizziness
• Hemoconcentration |
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Term
Fluid Excess [Hypervolemia]
S&S |
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Definition
• Mental changes
• Weight gain
• Edema
• Jugular vein distention
• Bounding pulse
• Tachycardia
• Congested breathe sounds
• ↓ Hct, BUN, electrolytes, and creatinine
• Dyspnea [Orthopnea]
• Skin pale and cool to touch |
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Term
Insensible water loss:
-define |
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Definition
| Water loss from the skin, lungs, and stool is called insensible water loss, because the body has no mechanisms to control this loss. |
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Term
| Name some situations that can cause "insensible water loss" |
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Definition
• Trauma
• Burns
• Fever
• Hot and dry environment
• Thyroid crisis
• Extreme stress |
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Term
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Definition
• has the same osmolarity as serum and other body
fluids
• Expands the intravascular compartment only
• Used for patients who are hypotensive due to
hypovolemia
• Ex: Lactated Ringers, Normal Saline |
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Term
| The two most important areas to monitor during rehydration are pulse rate and quality and urine output. |
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Definition
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Term
| Define: Electrolytes [Ions] |
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Definition
| Substances in the body fluids that carry an electrical charge |
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Term
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Definition
-Cations are ions that have positive charges
-Anions are ions that have negative charges |
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Term
| Define: Obligatory urine output |
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Definition
| The minimum amount of urine per day needed to excrete toxic waste product [400 to 600 ml/per day] |
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Term
| The minimum output per hour the kidneys can excrete is: |
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Definition
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Term
Potassium: Hypokalemia- What to assess first
3.5-5.0 |
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Definition
Respiratory statys should be assessed first in any patient who might have hypokalemia.
-RR [above 12 bpm]
-Pulse ox [96-100%] |
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Term
|
Definition
-Respiratory distress
-Irregular pulse
-Weakness to the point of respiratory collapse and paralysis
-Polyuria
-Malaise
-Thirst |
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Term
Hyperkalemia: S&S
<6.5
*potassium slows down the HR |
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Definition
-Restlessness
-Weakness
-Cramps
-Oliguria
-Cardiac arrhythmias |
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Term
1. Major CATION of INTRACELLULAR FLUID
2. Major CATION of EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
3. Major ANION of EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
4. Major ANION on INTRACELLULAR FLUID |
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Definition
1. Potassium
2. Sodium
3. Chloride
4. Phosphorus |
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Term
|
Definition
-Restlessness
-Intense thirst
-Swollen tongue
-Seizures
-Coma |
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Term
Urine Specific Gravity: Increases versus Decreases
1.002-1.035 |
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Definition
>Increases [think fluid loss]
-Dehydration
-Diarrhea
-Excessive Sweating
-Glucose-urea
-Renal Artery Stenosis [high blood pressure due to narrowing of the arteries]
>Decrease
-Renal Failure
-Excessive fluid intake |
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Term
|
Definition
-Positive Chvostek's sign [tapping on facial nerve triggering facial twitching]
-Positive Trousseau's sign [hand/finger spasms with sustained blood pressure cuff inflation]
-Muscle twitches
-Numbness in extremities |
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Term
| Decrease in serum phosphorous levels cause _____ in serum calcium levels |
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Definition
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Term
| Risk factors for Hyponatremia: |
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Definition
-Edema [most common]
-Excessive fluid intake [of non electrolytes]
-Excessive hypotonic IV fluid intake
-NPO status [inadequate sodium intake] |
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Term
| Risk factors for Hypernatremia: |
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Definition
-NPO [water deprivation]
-Renal failure
-Crushing Syndrome
-Glucicirticosteriods
-Watery diarrhea |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Hyperglycemia: S&S
>200 [250] mg/dl
fasting blood glucose >126 mg/dl on two occasions
2 hour-post prandial plasma glucose >200 mg/dl or during oral glucose tolerance test |
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Definition
-Polyuria [increase urination]
-Polydipsia [increased thirst]
-Polyphagia [increased hunger]
-Weight loss [seen in Type 1 as a result of: glucose loss, calorie loss, body is essentially starving]
-Fatigue |
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Term
| When mixing a rapid- or short-acting insulin with a longer-actinginsulin, draw up the shorter-acting insulin into the syring first and then the longer-acting insulin |
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Definition
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Term
HgbA1c
Normal non-diabetic: 4-6%
Diabetic: Below 7% |
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Definition
| Attaches to hemoglobin and remains for the life of RBC |
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Term
Hypoglycemia: S&S
<60 mg/dl |
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Definition
-Pallor
-Diaphoresis
-Tachycardia
-Piloerection
-Sensation of coldness
-Hunger*
-H.A.
-Circumoral paresthesia [numbness around the mouth]
-Coma
-Diplopia [double vision] |
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Term
Fasting plasma glucose
70-110 |
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Definition
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