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Definition
| sensory, short term, long term |
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| lasts for seconds, forms the connection between perception and memory |
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| studied by George Sperling; sensory memory for vision; people see more that they can remember; a partial report in his experiment shows that sensory memory only lasts for a few seconds |
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| coined the term icon: brief visual memory that lasts for one second; backward masking |
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| Urlic Neisser; showing a flash of bright light before the iconfic image fades, the image will be erased |
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| sensory memory for auditory sensations |
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| second stage of memor lasts for seconds or minutes, |
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| found short term memory has the capacity of about seven items |
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| grouping items, can increase capacity for short term memory |
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Term
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| repeating or practicing, keeps items in the STM and transfers them to long term memory; primary and secondary |
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| maintenance, repeating material in order to hold in short term memory |
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| organizing and understanding material in order to transfer it to LTM |
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| how other information or distractions cause on to forget items in short term memory |
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| disrupting information that was learned before new iterms were presented; causing problems in recall and proactive inhibition |
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| disrupting information that was learned after new items were presented is called retroactive interference; causes retroactive inhibition |
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| third stage of memory; capable of permanent retenetion, items are learned for meaning; measured by recognition, recall, and savings |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of long term memory; requires subjects to recognize things learned in the past (multiple choice test) |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of long term memory; subject generate information on their own; either cued recall begins the task (fill in the blank) or free recall |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of long term memory; measures how much about a subject remains in LTM by assessing how long it takes to learn something a second time |
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| encoding specificity principle |
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Definition
| material is more likely to be remembered if it is retrieved in the same context in which it was stored |
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Term
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| consists of details,events, and discrete knowledge |
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| consists of general knowledge of the world |
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Term
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| knowing how to do something |
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| first to study memory systematically; forgetting curve |
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| hermann ebbinghaus; depicts a sharp drop in savings immediately after learning, and then levels off, with a slighly downward trend |
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Term
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Definition
| found that memory is reconstructive, people are more likely to remember ideas than the details or grammar |
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| Allan Paivio; items will be better remembered if they are encoded both visually and semantically |
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Definition
| Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart; learning and recall depend on differnt levels of processing that exist |
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Term
| paired-associate learning |
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Definition
| behaviorists explanation that one item is learned with, and then cues the recall of the other |
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Term
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Definition
| found that memory of traumatic events is altered by the event and they way questions are phrased; important for law |
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Definition
| memories are stored differently in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| posited that memory involves changes of synapses and neural pathways, making a "memory tree" |
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Term
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Definition
| had a patient who had a lesion on the hippocampus and could not ass anything to his long term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| a list is learned and recalled in order (serial recall); subject to primacy and recency effects |
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Term
| primacy and recency effects |
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Definition
| how the first and last items on a list are easy to remember, and the middle are easy to forget; showin in the serial position curve (U-shaped) |
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Term
| serial-anticipation learning |
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Definition
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Term
| paired-associate learning |
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Definition
| remembering via pairing something with something known |
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Term
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Definition
| a list of items is learned and then must be recalled in any order with no cue |
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Term
| Factors that make items on a list easier to remember |
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Definition
| acoustic dissimilarity, semantic dissimilarity, brevity, familiarity, concreteness, meaning, importance to subject |
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| trace theory; memory fades with time; has been called too simplistic |
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| suggests that competing information blocks memory retrieval; |
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| memory cues that help learning and recall; |
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| generation-recognition model |
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| suggests that anythign one might recall should easily be recognized. |
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| tip of the tongue phenomenon |
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Definition
| being on the verge of retrieval but not successfully doing so |
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Term
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Definition
| retrieval is more successful if it cocurs in the same emotional state or physical state in which encoding occured |
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Term
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Definition
| brain's tendency to group together similar items in memory whether they are learned together or not. often grouped into conceptual or semantic hierarchies. |
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Definition
| can more quickly remember the order of items that were far away than were close togehter |
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| incidental learning measure |
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Definition
| measured by presenting subject with items that they are not supposed to memorize and testing recall |
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| recollection that seem burned into the brain |
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| instrument often used in cognitive memory experiments; prsents visual mater for a fraction of a second |
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| tendency to recall uncompleted tasks better than completed ones. |
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Term
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Definition
| study of thinking, processing, and reasoning |
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