Term
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Definition
| the complete complement of an organism's genes |
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Term
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Definition
| The centralized region joining two sister chromatids |
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Term
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Definition
| The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, it exists as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope. |
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Term
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Definition
| A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each one consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins. |
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Term
| chromosome theory of inheritance |
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Definition
| A basic principle in biology stating that genes are located on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate. |
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Definition
| A haploid cell such as an egg or sperm. They unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote. |
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Definition
| The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The mitotic phase of the cell cycle, which includes mitosis and cytokinesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A two-stage type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the chromosome number of the original cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first division of a two-stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the chromosome number of the original cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| The second division of a two-stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the chromosome number of the original cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| The third subphase of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to microtubules at their kinetochores, are all aligned at the metaphase plate. |
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Term
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Definition
| An imaginary plane during metaphase in which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located midway betweeen the two poles. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. It conserves chromosome number by equally allocating replicated chromosomes to each of the daughter nuclei. |
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Term
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Definition
| The transmission of traits from one generation to the next. |
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Term
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Definition
| The scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses). |
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Term
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Definition
| A particular place among the length of a certain chromosome where a given gene is located (loci is the plural). |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of reproduction involving only one parent that produces genetically identical offspring by budding or by the division of a single cell or the entire organism into two or more parts. |
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Term
| List 5 characteristics of the interphase for cells undergoing MITOSIS. |
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Definition
1. no cell division
2. nuclear membrane/nucleolus are visible
3. chromosomes not visible (DNA is uncoiled)
4. replication of DNA occurs
5. one centriole exists in the cell. |
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Term
| List 5 characteristics of the prophase for cells undergoing MITOSIS. Remember the prefix "pro" means to begin, or advocate the beginning of... (what else? MITOSIS) |
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Definition
1. nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear.
2. centrioles separate; move to opposite poles to form asters; spindles form between the poles.
3. chromosomes (now tightly coiled) become visible as individual structures; two copies of each chromosome are present and are known as chromatids.
4. spindle fibers are present
5. chromosomes attach to the spindles |
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Term
| List 2 characteristics of the metaphase for cells undergoing MITOSIS. Remember the prefix "meta" means middle, or semi, so this is the middle of Mitosis |
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Definition
1. alignment of chromosomes along the equatorial plane.
2. replication of the centromeres. |
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Term
| List 1 characteristic of the anaphase for cells undergoing MITOSIS. Analytical means breaking down into parts, so we can think of anaphase as the phase where the cells actually begin to split. |
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Definition
| 1. moving apart of sister chromosomes towards opposite poles. |
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Term
| List 5 characteristics of the telophase for cells undergoing MITOSIS. |
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Definition
1. Two new daughter cells form
2. nucleolus and nuclear membrane reappear
3. chromosomes uncoil and become invisible
4. mitotic spindle is lost
5. replication of the centriole occurs |
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Term
| Compare the prophase I of MEIOSIS to the prophase of mitosis. |
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Definition
They are the same EXCEPT that:
1. Homologuous chromosomes begin pairing up - this process is called synapsis.
2. Formation of tetrads (instead of chromatids); pairing of 2 double stranded chromosomes - 4 chromatids. |
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Term
| Describe the metaphase I of MEIOSIS |
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Definition
| 1. chromosomes line up along the equatorial plane in homologous pairs; centromere does not replicate. |
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Term
| Describe the anaphase I of MEIOSIS |
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Definition
| 1. homologous chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles - dyads. |
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Term
| Describe the telophase I of MEIOSIS |
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Definition
| 1. cytokinesis occurs completing the first division cycle of meiosis |
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Term
| List 5 characteristics of the Prophase II of MEIOSIS |
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Definition
1. centrioles separate and move to opposite sides of the cell.
2. nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear.
3. spindle fibers form
4. dyads are present and visible
5. dyads attach to the spindle. |
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Term
| List 2 characteristics of the Metaphase II of MEIOSIS |
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Definition
1. chromosomes line up along equatorial plane
2. centromeres replicate |
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Term
| List 1 characteristic of Anaphase II of MEIOSIS |
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Definition
| 1 chromatids separate into daughter chromosomes and move to opposite poles. |
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Term
| List 4 characteristics of Telophase II of MEIOSIS |
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Definition
1. cytokinesis occurs producing two cells
2. production of four daughter cells (each with 23 chromosomes)
3. daughter cells have a ahploid number of chromosomes.
4. single stranded chromosomes - monads |
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Term
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Definition
| One of two or more molecular forms of a gene that arise by mutation and specify slightly different versions of the same trait. |
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Term
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Definition
| At prophase I of meiosis, the reciprocal exchange of segments between two nonsister chromatids of a pair of homologous chromosomes; results in novel combinations of alleles. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chromosomal aberration in which certain chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number. |
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Term
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Definition
| A dense object lying along the inside of the nuclear envelope in female mammalian cells, representing an inactivated X chromosome. |
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Term
| chromosome theory of inheritance |
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Definition
| A basic principle in biology stating that genes are located on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns. |
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Term
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Definition
| Charts of chromosomes that locate genes with respect to chromosomal features. |
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Term
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Definition
| A deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage. (2) A mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene |
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Term
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Definition
| A human genetic disease resulting from having an extra chromosome 21, characterized by mental retardation and heart and respiratory defects. |
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Term
| Duchenne muscular dystrophy |
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Definition
| A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele; characterized by progressive weakening and a loss of muscle tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from an error in meiosis or mutagens; duplication of a portion of a chromosome resulting from fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hereditary mental disorder, partially explained by genomic imprinting and the addition of nucleotides to a triplet repeat near the end of an X chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| An ordered list of genetic loci (genes or other genetic markers) along a chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| The general term for the production of offspring with new combinations of traits inherited from the two parents. |
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Term
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Definition
| The parental effect on gene expression whereby identical alleles have different effects on offspring, depending on whether they arrive in the zygote via the ovum or via the sperm. |
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Term
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Definition
| A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele, characterized by excessive bleeding following injury. |
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Term
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Definition
| An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from an error in meiosis or from mutagens; specifically, reattachment of a chromosomal fragment to the chromosome from which the fragment originated, but in a reverse orientation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossing over of homologous chromosomes. The greater the frequency of recombination between two genetic markers, the farther apart they are assumed to be. See also genetic map. |
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Term
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Definition
| Genes that are located on the same chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| A measurement of the distance between genes; one map unit is equivalent to a 1 percent recombination frequency. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chromosomal condition in which a particular cell has only one copy of a chromosome, instead of the normal two; the cell is said to be monosomic for that chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pattern of development in which an organism consists of two sets of cells that differ according to which X chromosome is inactivated. |
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Term
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Definition
| An accident of meiosis or mitosis, in which the members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to move apart properly. |
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Term
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Definition
| Offspring with a phenotype that matches one of the parental phenotypes. |
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Term
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Definition
| An offspring whose phenotype differs from that of the parents. |
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Term
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Definition
| A gene located on a sex chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from an error in meiosis or from mutagens; specifically, attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologous chromosome. (2) During protein synthesis, the third stage in the elongation cycle when the RNA carrying the growing polypeptide moves from the A site to the P site on the ribosome. (3) The transport via phloem of food in a plan |
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Term
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Definition
| A chromosomal condition in which a particular cell has an extra copy of one chromosome, instead of the normal two; the cell is said to be trisomic for that chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| An individual with the normal phenotype. |
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Term
| alternation of generations |
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Definition
| A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; characteristic of plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex, as opposed to a sex chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| The X-shaped, microscopically visible region representing homologous chromatids that have exchanged genetic material through crossing over during meiosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during synapsis of meiosis I. |
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Term
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Definition
| The union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote. |
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Term
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Definition
| A haploid cell such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote. |
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Term
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Definition
| The multicellular haploid form in organisms undergoing alternation of generations that mitotically produces haploid gametes that unite and grow into the sporophyte generation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosome pairs of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism's father, the other from the mother. |
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Term
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Definition
| A method of organizing the chromosomes of a cell in relation to number, size, type, and banding pattern. |
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Term
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Definition
| The generation-to-generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| A two-stage type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the chromosome number of the original cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| A paired set of homologous chromosomes, each composed of two sister chromatids. Tetrads form during prophase I of meiosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Differences between members of the same species. |
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Term
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Definition
| The diploid product of the union of haploid gametes in conception; a fertilized egg. |
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Term
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Definition
| A nondividing state in which a cell has left the cell cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins. |
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Term
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Definition
| The second growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| A technique for determining genetic abnormalities in a fetus by the presence of certain chemicals or defective fetal cells in the amniotic fluid, obtained by aspiration from a needle inserted into the uterus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A phenomenon in which one gene alters the expression of another gene that is independently inherited. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of a single gene to have multiple effects. |
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Term
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Definition
| The second division of a two-stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the chromosome number of the original cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the pair of chromosomes responsible for determining the sex of an individual. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| The pairing of replicated homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of cellular union during fertilization. |
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Term
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Definition
| A paired set of homologous chromosomes, each composed of two sister chromatids. Tetrads form during prophase I of meiosis. |
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