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| deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information. |
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| a unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring. |
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| one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome. |
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| Chromosomes are the things that make organisms what they are. They carry all of the information used to help a cell grow, thrive, and reproduce. Chromosomes are made up of DNA. |
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| a major mechanism through which new genetic material is generated during molecular evolution |
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| pieces of identical DNA that are crucial in the process of cell replication and division |
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| the point on a chromosome by which it is attached to a spindle fiber during cell division. |
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| a pair of chromosomes containing a maternal and paternal chromatid joined to together at the centromere. The have the exact same gene - although may have different alleles of these genes, Position (loci) and size. Members of a homologous pair pair up during meiosis. |
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| A four-part structure that forms during prophase I of meiosis and consists of two homologous chromosomes, each composed of two identical chromatids. |
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| A process occurring during meiosis wherein two chromosomes pair up and exchange segments of their genetic material. |
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| a point at which paired chromosomes remain in contact during the first metaphase of meiosis, and at which crossing over and exchange of genetic material occur between the strands. |
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| A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent, usually applied to linked genes. |
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| An allele or a gene that is expressed in an organism’s phenotype, masking the effect of the recessive allele or gene when present. |
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| a gene that is not dominant but only manifests when a gene of both parents is the same |
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| When an individual has two of the same allele, whether dominant or recessive, they are homozygous |
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| A cell or an organism having half of the number of chromosomes in somatic cells |
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| containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. |
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| a mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote. |
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| During gamete formation, the alleles for each gene segregate from each other so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene |
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| Law of Independent Assortment |
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Definition
| when two or more characteristics are inherited, individual hereditary factors assort independently during gamete production, giving different traits an equal opportunity of occurring together. |
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Definition
| any of a number of substances, such as interferon, interleukin, and growth factors, that are secreted by certain cells of the immune system and have an effect on other cells. |
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