Term
| Is DNA positively charged or negatively charged? Why? |
|
Definition
| 1) DNA is negatively charged due to the presence of phosphate groups. |
|
|
Term
| Are histones proteins that are positively charged or negatively charged? |
|
Definition
| 1) Histone proteins are positively charged. |
|
|
Term
| What are scaffolding proteins? |
|
Definition
| 1) Non-histone proteins that help maintain chromosome structure. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two main phases of the cell cycle? What are each of their subphases? |
|
Definition
1) The two primary phases of the cell cycle are Interphase and G1.
Interphase is composed of G1, S, and G2, while M phase consists of Mitosis and Cytokinesis. |
|
|
Term
| Which type of reproduction involves a single parent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of reproduction produces offspring that are identical to parents? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the basis for eukaryotic asexual reproduction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three additional examples (other than mitosis) that is considered asexual reproduction? |
|
Definition
| 1) Binary fission, budding, and fragmentation. |
|
|
Term
| Which type of reproduction involves the fusion of the egg and sperm (gametes) to form the zygote? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of reproduction usually involves two parents? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of reproduction produces genetic variation in offspring? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the type of reproduction that produces gametes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If each gamete had the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell that produced it, then the zygote would have twice as many chromosomes. This doubling would occur from generation to generation. How do organisms avoid producing zygotes with ever increasing chromosome number? |
|
Definition
| 1) By undergoing sexual reproduction, or meiosis - a chromosomal division |
|
|
Term
| In humans, the diploid chromosome number is (2n = __________) and the haploid chromosome number is (n = __________) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
__________, or body, cells are diploid.
There are __________ sets of these cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
__________, or sex cells, are haploid.
They are produced by meiosis through a process known as __________.
Only __________ set of these cells is produced. |
|
Definition
1) Gametes
2) Gametogenesis
3) 1 |
|
|
Term
| Which cells in humans are haploid? Which are diploid? |
|
Definition
| 1) The sex cells, or gametes, are haploid while the body cells, or somatic cells, are diploid. |
|
|
Term
| Are most body cells haploid or diploid? |
|
Definition
| 1) Diploid (22 sets of somatic cells) |
|
|
Term
What is the haploid number of chromosomes in an organism that has 40 chromosomes in its sperm cells?
a. 20
b. 40
c. 80
d. 160 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ are chromosomes in a biological cell that pair (__________) during meiosis, or alternatively, non-identical chromosomes that contain information for the same biological features and contain the same __________ at the same __________ but possibly different genetic information called __________ at those genes. |
|
Definition
1) Homologous chromosomes
2) Synapse
3) Gene
4) Loci
5) Alleles |
|
|
Term
Humans have __________ pairs of homologous non-sex chromosomes (which are called __________).
Each member of a pair is inherited from one of their two parents.
In addition, female humans have a homologous pair of sex chromosomes (2 __________); males have an __________ and a __________ chromosome. |
|
Definition
1) 22
2) Autosomes
3) X's
4) X
5) Y |
|
|
Term
| Homologous chromosomes are similar in __________, except for sex chromosomes in several __________, where the __________ chromosome is considerably larger than that of the __________ chromosome. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Chromosomes that are paired are known as __________ __________.
-They are similar in __________, __________, and other features.
-They carry __________ which affect the same traits. |
|
Definition
1) Homologous chromosomes
2) Shape
3) Length
4) Genes |
|
|
Term
| During __________ of mitosis no synapsis of homologous chromosomes occurs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A __________ cell contains only one member of each homologous chromosome pair.
During __________ four haploid daughter cells are produced. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Meiosis essentially means to "__________ __________."
In this process, one diploid cell undergoes two successive __________ and __________ divisions to yield four haploid cells.
Each homologous pair is shuffled hence unique combination of genes.
Sexual life cycle in eukaryotes requires __________. |
|
Definition
1) Make smaller
2) Nuclear
3) Cytoplasmic
4) Meiosis |
|
|
Term
Prophase I
-__________ __________ join lengthwise (__________) resulting in association of __________ chromatids forming a tetrad.
-__________ __________ between homologous (__________) chromatids results in exchanging segments of DNA strands between homologous __________ and hence genetic recombination.
-Divided into different stages. |
|
Definition
1) Homologous chromosomes
2) Synapsis
3) Four (4)
4) Crossing over
5) Nonsister
6) Chromatids |
|
|
Term
| A __________ is a chromosome complex formed by the synapsis of a pair of homologous chromosomes (__________ chromatids) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
__________ stage:
-Chromosomes begin to condense, are "unpaired" and thin.
-"Thin ribbon"
__________ stage:
-Synapsis, homologous chromosomes are paired (tetrad)
-"Yolked ribbon"
__________ stage:
-Crossing over, recombination
-"Thick ribbon"
__________ stage:
-Chromosomes separate, remain attached at chiasmatas
-"Double ribbon" |
|
Definition
1) Leptotene
2) Zygotene
3) Pachytene
4) Diplotene |
|
|
Term
Leptotene Stage:
-The chromosomes begin to __________, are "unpaired" and thin.
-"__________ __________"
Zygotene Stage:
-__________, homologous chromosomes are paired (tetrad)
-"__________ __________"
Pachytene Stage:
-__________ __________, recombination
-"__________ __________"
Diplotene Stage:
-Chromosomes separate, remain attached at __________.
-"__________ __________" |
|
Definition
1) Condense
2) "Thin ribbon"
3) Four (4)
4) "Yolked ribbon"
5) Crossing over
6) "Thick ribbon"
7) Chiasmatas
8) "Double ribbon" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Area where cohesion hold homologous chromosomes together after the synaptenemal complex has been disassembled. |
|
|
Term
| In a human cell at Prophase I how many tetrads would you find? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In __________, the the DNA replicates. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Prophase I, the __________ __________ synapse forming __________; and the __________ __________ begins to break down. |
|
Definition
1) Homologous chromosomes
2) Tetrads
3) Nuclear envelope |
|
|
Term
In Metaphase I, the __________ line up on the cell's midplane.
Tetrads are held together at __________ (sites of prior crossing-over) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In Anaphase I, the __________ __________ separate and move to opposite poles.
Note that __________ __________ remain attached at their centromeres. |
|
Definition
1) Homologous chromosomes
2) Sister chromatids |
|
|
Term
| In Telophase I, one of each pair of __________ __________ is at each pole and cytokinesis occurs. |
|
Definition
| 1) Homologous chromosomes |
|
|
Term
In Prophase II, chromosomes __________ again following a brief period of __________.
DNA does not replicate again. |
|
Definition
1) Condense
2) Interkinesis |
|
|
Term
| In Metaphase II, __________ line up along the cell's midplane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Anaphase II, __________ __________ separate, and chromosomes move to opposite poles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Telophase II, __________ form at opposite poles of each cell and __________ occurs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The end result of Meiosis I and II are four __________ (animal) or four __________ (plant) are produced. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
__________ involves a single __________ division, while __________ involves two successive __________ divisions to form four haploid cells.
__________ produces genetic variation due to __________ __________ while __________ produces daughter cells genetically __________ to each other and to the original cell.
In __________ there is a synapsis of chromosomes during __________ __________; in __________ there is no __________ of homologous chromosomes. |
|
Definition
1) Mitosis
2) Nuclear
3) Meiosis
4) Nuclear
5) Meiosis
6) Crossing over
7) Mitosis
8) Identical
9) Meiosis
10) Prophase I
11) Mitosis
12) Synapsis |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between male and female meiosis? |
|
Definition
| 1) Male meiosis occurs through the process of spermatogenesis while female meiosis occurs through through process of oogenesis. |
|
|
Term
| How do some of the chromosomal abnormalities such as Down Syndrome arise? |
|
Definition
| 1) Chromosomal abnormalities such as that of Down Syndrome is primarily caused by an extra copy of an X or Y chromosome |
|
|
Term
Homologous chromosomes includes all EXCEPT:
a. Similar in length, shape, and color
b. Carry genes affecting same traits
c. Contain same gene at the same loci
d. None of the above
e. All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
At what stage do the tetrads line up at the midplane?
a. Prophase I
b. Metaphase I
c. Metaphase II
d. Anaphase I
e. None of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The product of Meiosis I results in two cells both of which are:
a. Diploid
b. Haploid
c. Either haploid or diploid depends what you started with
d. Polyploid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
__________ is where the microtubules bind to a chromosome
a. Kinetochores
b. Nucleus
c. Chiasmata
d. Centriole |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Somatic cells are produced by __________ while sex cells are produced by __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The source of genetic variation during meiosis is:
a. Crossing over and random assortment of maternal / paternal chromosomes
b. Polyploidy and random assortment
c. Crossing over and polyploidy
d. Aligning of homologous chromosomes in a fixed fashion |
|
Definition
| 1) a. Crossing over and random assortment of maternal / paternal chromosomes |
|
|
