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Definition
| a procedure designed to kepp unwanted m.o. from without contaminating a pure culture, the sterile medium or surroundings. in lab, ________ technique is accomplished by use of the Bunsen burner flame to sterilize the loop and the mouths of the media tubes. |
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| the microorganisms can be found just about anywhere, especially soil, water, plants, and animals including humans. |
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| organisms that do not reside on or in a specific plant for animal host and are not known to cause disease. |
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| an organism that serves as the home or feeding ground of another organism. |
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| object or organism that is not known to cause disease. |
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| object or organism that are known to cause disease |
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| a relationship between two organisms in which one organism serves as the host to another organism and the host is neither helped nor harmed as a result of the relationship. |
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Definition
| a mutually beneficial relationship between two organisms in which one organism serves as the host to another organism. |
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| microorganisms that are normal residents of a host but can cause disease when the host’s defenses are weakened by such factors as poor nutrition or decreased immunity due to sickness. Therefore, it is capable of producing a disease state if introduced into a suitable part of the body. |
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| a microbial culture consisting of two or more species. |
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| a microbial culture consisting of only a single species. |
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| is a method of isolating an individual species from a mixed sample that can then be grown as a pure culture or used in the identification of the unknown species. |
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| is an isolation technique in which a (mixed) bacterial sample is streaked over the surface of a plated agar medium. During streaking the cell density decreases which leads to the isolation of individual cells on the agar surface. |
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Definition
| a visible cluster of bacteria growing on the surface of or within a solid medium. Additionally, all organisms within the colony descend from a single ancestor and are therefore genetically identical |
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| viable bacteria cells that form colonies which arise from individual cells, pairs, chains, or clusters of cells. |
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Definition
| sphere, circle, without edge |
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| uneven, lopsided, asymmetrical |
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| very smally in size, pin-point, |
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| smooth with no irregularities |
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| long strand of cells joined end to end, fibrous like spindles of thread |
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| very smooth or level with medium |
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| elevated, projecting upward from a flat medium |
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| bowed and has a surface the curves outward |
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| very convex or very bowed |
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| arid, waterless, desiccated |
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| dense and opaque with a smooth edge |
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| outgrowth that is scattered or thinning |
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| membrane that forms on the surface of a liquid medium; a thin layer or film that forms on the surface of the medium as a result of bacterial growth. |
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| slight cloudiness that is even throughout the liquid medium |
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| a clump of growth in a liquid medium |
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Definition
| require the least assistance from the environment to grow. They are organisms that obtain their food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms |
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Definition
| require preformed organic compounds from the environment to grow. They are organisms that obtain organic food molecules by eating other organism or their own by-products |
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Definition
| organisms that rely heavily on the environment to supply ready-made organic compounds. |
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Definition
| organism that do not rely on the environment to supply ready-made organic compounds |
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| Undefined media / complex media |
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Definition
| media that are composed of extracts from plant or animal sources and are rich in nutrients. It supports the growth of a greater variety of culturable microbes. |
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Definition
| media in which the amount and identity of every ingredient is know. It supports a narrower range of organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| is the bending of light as it passes through the objective lens. |
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Definition
| eyepiece or part of the microscope that the user looks through to see the magnified image of the specimen |
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Term
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Definition
| is the optical element that gathers light from the object being observed and focuses the light rays to produce a real image. Objectives can be single lenses or mirrors, or combinations of several optical elements and come in a range of different levels of magnification. |
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Definition
| a colored molecule, usually a benzene derivative |
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Definition
| portion of the chromagen that gives it its color |
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Definition
| is the charged portion of the chromagen that allows it to act as a dye through ionic or covalent bonds between the chromagen and the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| basic refers to alkalinity and as such the stains are attracted to the negative charges on the surface of the cell thereby coloring the cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| is applied to a bacterial smear prior to staining and functions by killing the bacteria, making them adhere to the slide, and coagulating the cytoplasmic proteins to make them more visible. It also distorts the cells to some extent. |
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Definition
| is made by placing the specimen in a drop of water on a microscope slide and covering it with a cover slip. Because no stain is used, the cells are transparent. Wet mounts are used to observe living cells and determine motility. It may also be used to observe the natural size, arrangement, and shape of the microbial cells. |
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Definition
| a thin ring of petroleum jelly is applied around the well of a concave slide then a drop of water is placed on a cover slip and a live bacterial sample is deposited in the water droplet. Lastly, the concave slide is placed over the cover slip in such a way that the drop is received into the depression and is undisturbed. Hanging drops allow for longer observation of the specimen because it doesn’t dry out as fast. It is used to observe living cells and determine motility. It may also be used to observe the natural size, arrangement, and shape of the microbial cells. |
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Definition
| motion created by collisions of the bacteria with water molecules causing the organism to move around in a jerky, irregular pattern or appear to vibrate in place. |
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Definition
| stains that detect differences between organisms or differences between parts of the same organism |
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Definition
| stains that can detect other cellular attributes such as capsules, spores, or flagella. |
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Definition
| alcohol or acetone that is used to remove crystal violet from gram negative cells during a gram stain procedure. |
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Definition
| the first stain applied to a heat-fixed bacterial smear. During a gram stain procedure, the primary stain is crystal violet. |
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Definition
| substance used to set or fix a stain/dye. During a gram stain procedure, the mordant is Iodine. |
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Definition
| the second stain applied to a heat-fixed bacterial smear usually following a decolorization step. During a gram stain procedure, the counterstain is safranin. |
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Definition
| is caused by leaving the decolorizer (alcohol or acetone) on too long resulting in pinkish-red gram positive cells. |
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Definition
| is caused by not leaving the decolorizer (alcohol or acetone) on long enough resulting in purple gram negative cells. |
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Definition
| are long fatty acids found in the cell walls of the bacteria genus Mycobacterium which includes pathogens Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of the disease tuberculosis and leprosy, respectively. It is a waxy substance that gives acid-fast cells a higher affinity for the primary stain and resistance to decolorization by an acid alcohol solution. |
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Definition
| a differential stain used to detect cells capable of retaining a primary stain when treated with an acid alcohol. It is important in the identification of bacteria in the genus Mycobacterium, some of which are pathogenic. |
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Definition
| is a dormant form of a bacterium that allows it survive poor environmental conditions. |
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Definition
| is a fibrous structural protein that makes up the outer covering of the spores and is responsible for the spore’s resistance to heat and chemicals. |
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Definition
| a cell that is capable of actively growing. |
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Definition
| cells that produce spores or give rise to spores. |
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Definition
| an organism that grows on and derives its nourishment from dead or decaying organic matter. |
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Definition
| spores that are located in the middle of the cell. |
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Definition
| spores that are located at the end of the cell |
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Definition
| spores that are located between the middle and the end of the cell. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| the ability or inability of an organism to live in the presence of oxygen. |
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Definition
| lacking oxygen, this usually refers to the portion of a liquid or solid medium that is at the bottom. |
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Definition
| containing oxygen, this usually refers to the portion of a liquid or solid medium that is nearest the top. |
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Definition
| organisms that require oxygen for respiration and tend to grow at the top of a liquid or solid medium where the environment is aerobic and oxygen is plentiful. |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that grow in the presence or absence of oxygen. When oxygen is available they respire aerobically and when oxygen is unavailable they have the ability to respire anaerobically or ferment an available substrate. |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that do not require oxygen and are not negatively affected by it. These organisms live uniformly throughout a liquid or solid medium. |
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Definition
| organisms that can only survive in environments that contain lower than atmospheric levels of oxygen. |
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Definition
| organisms that can only survive if carbon dioxide levels are elevated. |
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Term
| Obligate (strict) anaerobe |
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Definition
| organisms whose growth is jeopardized by even the smallest amounts of oxygen. Anaerobic bacteria generally grow towards the bottom of liquid or solid media where the environment is anaerobic. |
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Term
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Definition
| are the minimum, maximum, and optimum growth temperatures for an organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that only grow below 20°C. They are commonly found in the snow, refrigerators, the ocean, Arctic, and Antarctic habitats where the temperature remains permanently cold with little or no fluctuation. |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms adapted to cold habitats that fluctuate from about 0°C to above 30°C. |
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Definition
| organisms adapted to temperatures between 15 and 45°C. These organisms may be found in the soil, in the human body, and in animals. |
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Definition
| organisms adapted to temperatures above 40°C. These organisms may be found in composting organic materials, volcanoes, and in hot springs. |
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Definition
| thermophiles that will not grow below 40°C. |
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Definition
| thermophiles that will grow below 40°C. |
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Definition
| thermophiles that grow best above 80°C. These organisms are generally found in habitats that have a temperature range of 65 to 110°C such as hot ocean floor ridges. |
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Definition
| is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. It ranges in value from 0 to 14. |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that are adapted to grow well in environments below about pH 5.5. |
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Definition
| organisms that prefer levels between 5.5 and 8.5. |
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Definition
| organisms that live above pH 8.5. |
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Term
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Definition
| for proteins, denaturation is a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation thereby becoming biologically inactive. Denaturation occurs under extreme conditions of pH, salt concentrations (NaCl), and temperature. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the force directed against a cell wall after the influx of water and the swelling of a walled cell due to osmosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a phenomenon caused by placing a cell in a high solute concentration (hypertonic solution) that results in the liquid flowing out of the cell in order to equalize the solute concentrations. |
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Definition
| the spontaneous tendency of a substance to move down its concentration gradient from a more concentrated to a less concentrated area. |
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Definition
| a substance that is dissolved in a solution. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. It is the tendency for water to move in a manner that will equalize the concentration in all parts of a system. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a measure of the tendency of a solution to take up water when separated from pure water by a selectively permeable membrane. It is the force that controls osmosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a solution with a low osmotic pressure. When a bacterial cell is placed in a hyposmotic environment, there will be a net movement of water INTO the cell. This usually causes the cell to burst. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a solution with a high osmotic pressure. When a bacterial cell is placed in a hyperosmotic environment, there will be a net movement of water OUT of the cell. This usually causes the cell to shrink. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a solution that has an osmotic pressure that is equal to that of the cell, there is no net movement. Water will move in both directions (into and out of the cell) equally. |
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Term
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Definition
| is an organism that grows optimally in NaCl concentrations of 3% or higher. |
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Term
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Definition
| is an organism that has specialized cell membranes and enzymes that require salt concentrations of 15% up to about 25% and will not survive where the salinity is lower. |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that will grow over a wide range of salinities. These organisms tolerate or may require high osmotic pressure for survival. |
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Definition
| portion of the electromagnetic spectrum between X-rays and visible light which is between 40 and 400 nm. |
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Definition
| a form of energy that is reflected or emitted from objects in the form of electrical and magnetic waves that can travel through space. |
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Term
Serratia marcescens
[image] |
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Definition
Colonies of this microbe are red in appearance, circular and have an entire margin.
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| start at the __________ objective and gradually increase magnification by changing to the next highest objective and using the _____ ______ knob to focus in on the specimen |
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Term
| Three common basic stains: |
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Definition
| Methylene Blue, Crystal Violet, and Safranin. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| This is a staining technique that used a dye solution in which the chromagen is acidic and carries a negative charge. The negative charge on the bacterial surface repels the negatively charged chromagen so that the cell remains unstained against a colored background. |
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Term
| Reason to used neg. stain tech. |
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Definition
| The _________ ___________ technique is used to determine morphology and cellular arrangement in bacteria that are too delicate to withstand heat-fixing. |
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Term
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Definition
| ______ _______ cells do not retain crystal violet because the decolorizer extracts the lipid causing the this type of cell's cell wall to be more porous and incapable of retaining crystal violet |
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Term
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Definition
| _________ __________ retain crystal violet because they have a thicker peptidoglycan layer and a greater degree of cross-linking due to teichoic acids which allows the cell to retain the crystal violet stain |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a differential stain used to detect cells capable of retaining a primary stain when treated with an acid alcohol. It is used to identify bacteria in the genus Mycobacterium some of which are pathogenic. |
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Term
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Definition
Malachite green is the primary stain and Safranin is the counterstain when performing a ______ ______.
It is a differential stain that is used to detect the presence and location of spores in bacterial cells. |
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Term
| Bacillus and Clostridium. |
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Definition
| The two genera of bacteria produce spores are ________ & ________. |
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Term
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Definition
| When inoculating an agar _________ ________ you use an inoculating needle by inserting the needle straight down the center of the medium without touching the bottom of the tube then pull the need straight back out without wiggling to avoid creating a large hole in which air may enter the media altering the aerobic capacity of the media. |
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Term
| fluid thioglycollate media |
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Definition
| this is designed to promote the growth of a wide variety of fastidious microbes. It is also used represent the various levels of oxygen tolerance of the microbes being cultivated. |
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Term
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Definition
this area is the only portion of the media that is accessible to oxygen due to the deepness of the medium.
Lab ex. include: Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. |
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Term
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Definition
This is used To create an anaerobic environment in order to compare the growth of bacteria with various levels of aerotolerance.
Reaction to know. 2H2 + 02 = 2H20
**water is product. |
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Term
| Bacillus stearothermophilus |
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Definition
| only m.o used in lab to show groth at 55°C. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ light inhibits growth of bacteria |
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Definition
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Definition
| Colonies are larger, but not as large as B. cereus. The margin is undulate, with circular form and flat elevation. [image] |
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Term
Bacillus Cereus
B. cereus
[image] |
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Definition
| Colonies are large, irregular and flat with an undulate margin [image] |
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Term
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Definition
Name this Gram + rod
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
Tube culture of what m.o.?
[image] |
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Term
Escherichia coli
E.coli
[image] |
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Definition
This microbe forms medium sized, moist, light yellow/white colonies with an entire/smooth margin and umbonate elevation.
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
Name this Gram - rod.
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Klebsiella pneumoniae
[image] |
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Definition
This microbe forms white, opaque colonies that are circular with a convex elevation and an entire/smooth margin.
[image] |
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Term
Anaerobic: left
Aerobic: right |
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Definition
Which side is anaerobic? aerobic?
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
What type of stain is this?
[image] |
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Term
Staphylococcus aureus
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Escherichia coli
Showed no unique growth. |
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Definition
This is no unique growth. What m.o's did we use that had this?
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
Bacteria that cannot grow in the absence of oxygen will not grow very deeply into the medium, which becomes anaerobic a short distance below the surface.
[image] |
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Term
More patterns in culture broth
[image] |
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Definition
The patterns of culture in broth
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
What m.o. is this?
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
What type of stain is this?
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
What technique is this?
[image] |
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Term
Staphylococcus aureus
[image] |
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Definition
This microbe forms large, round, convex, golden colonies that appear shiny
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
What gram + cocci is this?
[image] |
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