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Definition
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| fluid in vessels; the plasma (liquid) portion of blood |
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Definition
| fluid around cells; 75% of ECF |
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Definition
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Definition
| active chemicals that carry positive (cations) and negative (anions) electrical charges |
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Definition
| sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and hydrogen ions |
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Definition
| chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, sulfate and proteinate ions |
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Definition
| loss of ECF into space that does not contribute to equalibirium (acites) |
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Definition
| exerted on walls of blood vessels |
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Definition
| exerted by protein in plasma |
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Definition
| movement of fluid from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration |
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Definition
| solutes move from an area of higher concentration to one of a lower concentration |
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Definition
| movement of water, solutes occur from area of high hydrostatic pressure to area of low hydrostatic pressure |
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Definition
| physiological pump that moves fluid from area of low concentration to one of higher concentration; requires ATP |
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Term
| Gains of elecrtolytes (2) |
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Definition
- Dietary intake
- Parentral fluids
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Term
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Definition
- Kidney: urine output
- Skin loss: sensible or insensible
- Lungs
- GI tract
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Term
| Average daily output of urine in an adult |
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Definition
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Term
| Gerontologic considerations (4) |
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Definition
- Reduced body systems
- decreased body fluid %
- medication use
- presence of concomitant conditions
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Term
| Fluid volume deficit (FVD) |
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Definition
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Term
| Fluid volume excess (FVE) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| loss of water along with increased serum sodium level |
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| Causes of dehydration (6) |
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Definition
- vomiting
- diarrhea
- Over GI suctioning
- sweating
- decreased intake
- inabality to gain access to fluid
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Term
| risk factors of dehydration (6) |
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Definition
- diabetes insipidus
- adrenal insufficiency
- osmotic diuresis
- hemorrhage
- coma
- third space shifts
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Term
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Definition
- BUN (will be elevated if dehydrated)
- hematocrit ("")
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Term
| What is a major indicator of extracelluar FVD? |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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- low sodium
- causes: adrenal insufficiency, water intox, loss from vomit or diarrhea, sweating, diuretics
- s/sx: poor skin turgor, dry mucosa, headache, low salivation, high BP, nausea, abd cramps, LOC changes
- medical mgmnt: water restriction, sodium replacement
- Nrsg mgmnt: assess & prevent, dietary Na & fluid intake indenify & monitor at-risk pts, effects of meds
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Term
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Definition
- High sodium
- causes: excess water loss, excess Na, diabetes insipidus, heat stroke, hypertonic IV
- s/sx: thirst, high temp, dry, swollen tongue, sticky mucosa, LOC changes, restless, weakness
- medical mgmnt: hypotonic electrolyte solution (D5W)
- Nrsg mgmnt: assess & prevent, assess for OTC Na sources, offer & encourage fluids, provide sufficient water with tube feedings
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Term
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Definition
- low potassium
- causes: GI loss, meds, alterations of acid-base balance, hyperaldosterism, poor dietary intake
- s/sx: fatigue, anorexia, N/V, dysrhythmias, muscle weakness, paresthesias, glucose intolerance
- medical mgmnt: increased K+ dietary intake, K+ replacement, IV if severe
- Nrsg mgmnt: assess, monitor ECG & ABGs,
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Term
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Definition
- high K+
- causes: usually tx related, impaired renal function, hypoaldosteronism, tissue trauma, acidosis
- s/sx: cardiac changes, muscle weakness with resp issues, paresthesias, anxiety, GI
- medical mgmnt: monitor ECG, limit dietary K+, IV solutes
- Nrsg mgmnt: assess K+ levels, mix IVs well, monitor med effects, dietary restriciton
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Term
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Definition
- low calcium in conjuction with albumin
- causes: hypoparathyroidism, malasorption, pancreatitis, alkalosis, massive transfusion of citrated blood, renal failure, meds
- s/sx: tetany, circumoral numbness, paresthesias, hyperactive DTRs, Trousseau & Chovstek's sign, seizures, resp issues, abnormal clotting, anxiety
- medical mgmnt: IV calcium gluconate, calcium & vit D supplements, diet
- Nrsg mgmnt: assess, weight bearing excercises
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Term
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Definition
- high calcium
- causes: maliganancy and hyperparathyroidism, bone loss r/t immobility
- s/sx: muslce weakness, incoordiation, anorexia, constipation, N/V, abd & bone pain, polyuria, thirst, ECG changes, dsyrhythmias
- medical mgmnt: treat underlyin cause, fluids, furosemide (lasix), phosphates, calcitonin, bipshosphates
- nrsg mgmnt: assess, encourage ambulation, 3-4 L/day fluid, provide low Na fluids, fiber for constipation, ensure safety
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Term
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Definition
- low Mg in conjuction with albumin
- causes: alcoholism, GI loss, feeding deficient in Mg, meds, rapid administration of citrated blood, DKA, sepsis, burns, hypothermia
- s/sx: neuromuscular inability, muslce weakness, tremors, athetoid mvmnt, ECG changes, dysrhythmias, chanes in mood & LOC
- medical mgmnt: diet, oral, IV
- Nrsg mgmnt: assess, ensure safety, pt teaching
- Dysphagia common
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Term
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Definition
- high Mg
- causes: renal failure, DKA, excess of Mg
- s/sx: flushing, low bp, N/V, hypoactive reflexes, low resp, ECG changes, muscle weakness
- medical mgmnt: Iv, loop diuretics, hemodialysis
- Nrsg mgmnt: assess, pt teaching
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Term
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Definition
- low phosphate
- causes: alcoholism, refeeding starving pts, pain, heat stroke, resp alkalosis, hyperventilation, DKA
- s/sx: neuro changes, muscle weakness, tissue hypoxia, muscle & bone pain, high risk for infection
- medical mgmnt: IV or oral
- Nrsg mgmnt: assess, encourage food high on phosphate, gradually introduce calories to malnourished pts
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Term
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Definition
- high phosphate
- causes: renal failure, excess phosphrous and vit D, acidosis, chemotherapy, hypoparathyroidism
- s/sx: soft tissue calcifications, symptoms occur d/t low calcium
- medical mgmnt: tx of underlying disorder
- nrsg mgmnt: assess, dietary, pt teaching
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Term
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Definition
- low chloride
- causes: addison's, DKA, excessive sweating, fever, burns, meds, metabolic alkalosis
- s/sx: neuro changes, weakness, hyperexictability of muscles, dysrhythmias, seizures, coma
- Medical mgmnt: IV
- Nrsg mgmnt: assess, avoid free water, dietary, pt teaching
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Term
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Definition
- high chloride
- causes: excess NaChl infusion with water loss, head injury, dehydration, diarrhea, resp alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, meds
- s/sx: tachypnea, lethargy, weakness, HTN, LOC changes
- medical mgmnt: restore electrolyte and fluid balance
- nrsg mgmnt: assess, pt teaching
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Inorganic phosphates
- plasma proteins
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Term
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Definition
- proteins
- organic phosphates
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Term
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Definition
| low pH, high PaCO2, normal HCO3 |
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Term
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Definition
| high pH, low PaCO2, nomal HCO3 |
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Term
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Definition
| low pH, normal PaCO3, low HCO3 |
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Term
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Definition
| high pH, normal PaCO2, high HCO3 |
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Term
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Definition
- protection
- sensation
- fluid balance
- temp regulation
- vit D production
- immune response
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Term
| Clubbing or spooning of nails is indicitive of what? |
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Definition
| Hereditary iron defiency anemia |
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Term
| What are the three phases of wound healing? |
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Definition
- Inflammatory
- Proliferative
- Remodeling
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Term
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Definition
| A test used to examine cells from blistering skin conditions |
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Term
| Bacterial skin infections (4) |
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Definition
- Impetigo (MOST COMMON)
- folliculitis
- furuncles
- carbuncles
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Term
| Viral skin infections (2) |
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Definition
- herpes zoster
- herpes simplex
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Term
| Fungal skin infections (2) |
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Definition
- impetigo
- herpes zoster (shingles)
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Term
| Parasitic skin infections (2) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| most common type and most successfully treated b/c tumors remain localized |
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Definition
| prognosis depends on presence of metastasis |
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Term
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Definition
- Assymetrical
- Border
- Color changes
- Diameter
- Enlarged lesions
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Term
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Definition
| malignancy of endothelial cells that line the blood vessels: dark reddish-purple lesions of the skin, oral cavity, GI tract, and lungs (Prominent in pts with AIDS) |
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Term
| Superficial partial thickness burns |
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Definition
| localized, epidermis still intact, no blisters |
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Term
| Deep partial thickness burn |
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Definition
| destruction of dermis, blisters, nerve endings, exposed and painful, barrier function lost |
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Term
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Definition
| effects major organs and body systems; goes from muscle into bone |
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Definition
| involuntary oscillation of the eyeball |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| diagnostic test that measures introcular pressure; numbing eyeball then clicking a pin on the eye to determine pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| diagnositc test that visualizes the angle of the anterior chamber in the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| evaulates the feild of vision (peripheral vision) |
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Term
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Definition
| blind areas in the visual feild |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| nearsighted; eyeball too long, cornea too curved |
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Term
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Definition
| farsighted; eyeball too short, cornea not curved enough |
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Term
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Definition
| distortion d/t irregularity of the cornea |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of ocular conditions in which damage to the optic nerve is r/t increased intraocular pressure caused by congestion of the aqueous humorous |
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Term
| dry type of macular degeneration |
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Definition
| slow breakdown of layer of the retina with the appearance of drusen; no swelling is involved, vision loss in center, most common type |
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Term
| wet type of macular degeneration |
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Definition
| profliferation of abnormal blood vessels growing under the retina; may be abrupt with decrease in color intensity. |
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Term
mydriatics ____ and cycloplegics _____
example of each
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Definition
- dilate; ex. atropine
- paralyze; ex. sclepalamine
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Definition
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Definition
| hearing test with bone conduction of sound |
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Term
| what should the tempanic membrane look like? |
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Definition
| gray in color and slightly curved |
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Term
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Definition
| hearing test that uses both air and bone conduction of sound |
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Term
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Definition
| d/t external of middle ear problem; fluid build up most common |
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Term
| sensorineural hearing loss |
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Definition
| d/t damage to the cochlea or vestibulocochlear nerve; not reversible; hair cell injuries |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| benign tumor, an ingrowth of skin that causes persistantly high pressure in the middle ear, which causes hearing loss, neuro d/o, and destroys structures. |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal inner ear fluid balance caused by malabsorption of the endolymphatic sac or blockage of the endolymphatic duct |
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Term
| Sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| "fight or flight"; main neurotransmitter is norepinephrine |
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Term
| Parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| controls organs; regulated by spinal cord, brainstem and hypothalamus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| soft tissue scan, initial test with and without contrast |
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Term
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Definition
| uses color scale to contrast glucose mechanism |
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Term
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Definition
| specific test; done to see small bleeds and deficits |
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Term
| cerebral angiography and transcranial doppler |
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Definition
| test of blood flow to brain tissue to see plaques |
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Term
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Definition
| shows elecrtical activity in the brain; sleep/wake cycles |
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Term
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Definition
| tests electrical activity in muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| x-ray of the spinal subarachanoid space taken after the injection of a contrast agent into the spinal subarachnoid space through a lumbar puncture. |
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Term
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Definition
| a continnum from normal alertness and full cognition to coma |
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Term
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Definition
| unresponsiveness to the environment, makes no movement or sound but opens eyes |
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Term
| Persistant vegetative state |
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Definition
| devoid of cognitive function but has sleep/wake cycles |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to move or respond except for eye movements d/t a lesion affecting the pons |
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Term
| The earliest sign of ICP is |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 70-100; less than 50 results in permanent neuro changes |
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Term
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Definition
| b/c of limited space in the skull an increase in any one of the components in the skull will change a volume of the others |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the brains ability to change the diameter of blood vessels to maintain cerebral bllod flow |
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Term
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Definition
| no known organic cause, includes migraine, tension headache, and cluster headache |
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Term
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Definition
| a symptom with an organic cause such as a brain tumor or aneurysm |
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Term
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Definition
| "brain attack"; sudden loss of function resulting from a disruption of the blood supply to a part of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| 80-85%; disruption of blood supply d/t a blockage. Normal s/sx of CVA. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ring of fluid around the blood stain from drainage |
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Term
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Definition
| temporary loss of conciousness with no apparent structural damage |
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Term
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Definition
| more severe injury with possible surface hemorrhage |
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Term
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Definition
| widespread axon damage in the brain seen with head trauma; pt develops immediate coma |
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Term
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Definition
| autoimmune d/o with acute attack of peripheral nerve myelin |
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Term
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Definition
| condition of the 5th cranial nerve characterized by paroxysms of pain; most commonly occurs in 2nd and 3rd branches of this nerve. Pain occurs with washing face, brushing teeth, eating or a draft of air. |
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Term
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Definition
| facial paralysis d/t unilateral inflammation of the 7th cranial nerve; most pts recover within 3-5 wks |
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Term
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Definition
| decreased levels of dopamine d/t destruction of cells in the sustansia nigra in the basal ganglia |
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Term
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Definition
| chronic progressive heridetary disease that results in choreoform movement and dementia |
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Term
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) |
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Definition
| "Lou Gehrig's disease"; loss of motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord, loss of motor nuceli in the brainstem, cause prgoressive weakness and atrophy. Resp function also impaired. |
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Term
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Definition
| incurable d/o characterized by progressive weakening and wasting of skeletal and voluntary movements; duchenne most common |
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Term
| Degenerative disk disease |
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Definition
| low back pain that is a significant public health d/o and has significant economical and social costs. |
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Term
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Definition
| years after recovery from polio the elderly pt develops new musculoskeletal weakness, fatigue and pain; 60-80% of survivors experience this. |
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