Metabolism

Concentrates iodine to make T3 and T4

Master Gland

Controlled by the hypothalamus

Insufficient or ommitted insulin

Elevated blood sugar

Onset: Slow

S/SX: drowsy, low BP, rapid pulse, thirst, vomitting, flushed, dry skin

Acute Complication of diabetes resulting in extremely high levels of glucose and metabolic acidosis.

S/Sx: Weakness, thirst, anorexia, drowsiness, kussmaul respirations, low BP, fruity breath

*emergency

T cells

Infection

Melatonin

Sleep/Mood

Insufficient GH during childhood

Larger features not in proportion

Weakened muscles due to larger features

Pituitary doesn't put out ADH

S/SX polyuria, wt loss, thirst, dehydration

Do daily wts, I&O, Thiazide diuretic

Hypersecretion of thyroid hormones

S/SX: exopthalamus, restlessness, ^appetite, wt loss, neck swelling

T3 and T4 oversecretion

Epinephrine release

S/Sx: high Temp, rapid pulse, dyspnea, dysrhythmias, delirium

*life threatening & prone to seizures

Inadequate thyroid hormone secretion

Myxedema (severe)

S/sx: slow metabolic rate, lethargy, wt gain, dry skin

Excess ACTH

S/SX: moonface, buffalo hump, thinning of hair

Low Blood Sugar

Excessive Insulin/Unusual Exercise/Too little food

Onset:Rapid

S/Sx: disoriented, pale, moist skin, BP & pulse normal, hunger often present

Metabolic Disorder of the pancreas

Chronic

Impaired metabolism of carbs, proteins, and lipids

Juvenile

Insulin dependent

Autoimmune disorder

Insulin resistant

More common as we age

Obesity often a trigger

Can be controlled with just diet

Accumulation of lymph fluid that results from impaired lymph circulation

Primary: usually genetic

Secondary: Most, complication of something else

TX: elevate, no BPs on that arm, TED hose/SCDs

Inflamm of vessels & nodes

Usually causes by strep infection

DX: by redness/streak

Epstein-Barr virus(also chronic fatigue syndrome)

Direct contact with saliva & pharyngeal secretions

TX: tx symptoms

S/X: fatigue, fever, sore throat, h/a, cervical lymph node enlargement

Group of cancers that affect lymphatic system

Reed-Sternberg Cells

S/SX: painless lymph node enlargement, epigastric pain, wt loss, anorexia, fatigue, low grade fever, pruritus, anemia, night sweats*

Lack of RBS

S/SX: fatigue, pallor, confusion

Too much Co2

Low Blood volume

Stop bleeding, might need possible transfusions

Low Dietary Intake

Malabsorption of Iron

Helps develop RBC and takes O2

TX: ztrack method, iron stains teeth, use a straw, avoid tea and coffee interferes with absorption.

Both parents have to have it. It's inherited.

Clog up because of shape. Can't hold a lot of oxygen, causes pain.

Causes acute chest syndrome*

TX: transfusion, pain meds (*can't use Demerol b/c it causes seizures)

Inflamm of the meninges by various organisms.

Bacterial meningitis is most contagious and most serious.

S/SX: H/A, nuchal rigidity, N/V, photophobia, restlessness, irritability, seizures, petechia

DX: lumbar puncture-cerebrospinal fluid will be cloudy with bacterial, glucose decreased, protein, WBC, and RBC increased.

Chronic, progressive disorder of the peripheral nerves. Usually 20-40yrs old. Autoimmune.

S/SX: fatigue, muscle strain, blurred vision, nystagmus, speech issues, ataxia, mood swings, tremors, impairs intellectual functioning late in progression.

DX: LP shows ^WBC in cerebrospinal fluid.

Severe weakness of one or more skeletal muscles. Autoimmune.

Strength restored with rest.

S/SX:muscle weakeness, ptosis, diff chewing, swallowing, voice weakness, masklike expression & weakness in extremities.

DX: Tensilon relieves weakness in seconds

Lou Gehrig's Disease. Progressive and fatal neurologic disorder. Gegeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord and brain stem.

S/SX: progressive muscle wasting, inappropriate crying/laughing, resp failure & total paralysis in terminal stage.

Typically faster than MS.

Deficiency in neurotransmitter Dopamine and usually begins after 50 years old.

S/SX: stiffness, tremors, pill rolling, masklike, shuffling gait, contractures

Usually one side then becomes bilateral

Hereditary DX of CNS. Portions of cerebral cortex degenerate.

As disease progresses hallucinations, delusions, impaired judgment, and increased intesity of abnormal movements develop.

S/SX: mental apathy, emotional disturbances, choreiform movements, grimacing, diff chewing, swallowing, speaking, intellectual decline, incontinence, severe depression...suicide.

Results from a blow to the head that jars the brain. Results in diffuse and microscopic injury to the brain. Usually causes temporary neurologic impairment. Generally there is a complete recovery.

S/SX: h/a, n/v, loss of memory

watch for intracranial pressure and confusion

Gross structural injury to brain resulting in bruising and sometimes hemmorhage of superficial cerebral tissue. Cue and contracue injury occurs frequently

Cue-hit something

Contracue- goes back

2-3 weeks after strep infection. Affects heart.

Inflamm response to all layers of the heart that can lead to valve damage.

S/SX: carditis, polyarthritis, rash, inability to use skeletal muscles in coordinated manner, ^pulse, chest pain

Need to be on prophylatic antibiotics prior to ANY invasive procedure

Chronic structural changes in heart muscle

Not able to pump blood efficiently.

S/SX: dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea, chestpain, syncope, SOB, fatigue

Enlarged heart d/t it being overworked

Might need a pacemaker.

If untreated leads to MI

S/SX: angina, obese,

Male S/SX: left arm pain, chest pain

Female S/SX: back pain, N/V, SOB

Infarct(area of necrosis), the larger the area...the more serious

For MI & stroke within 3 hours give med to breakup clotting components.

Affects distal blood vessels.

Disrupts circulation.

TX: TED hose, heparin, surgery

Stretching and buldging of artery wall

Most common: aorta

S/SX: massive hemmorhage, pressure, HTN, shock, severe pain

Survival rate low.

Can lead to hypovolemic/cardiogenic shock

Anything that is not normal sinus rhythm.

Conduction disorder: changes rhythm, cardiac output is compromised.

MI, Coronary artery disease, CHF, inadequate ventilation, shock.

S/SX: weak, tired, faint, angina, palpitations, low BP, irregular pulse, apical & radial pulses differ, pale & cool skin, confused

Some not life threatening

*V fib-life threatening

Narrowing of opening, stiff rigid valve cusps.

Blood needs force to push through.

Heart has to work extra hard.

Infsufficient blood to myocardium.

L sided heart failure may develop.

S/X:asymptomatic then angina, dizziness, fainting

Dangerously elevated BP accompanied by edema of the optic nerve

Can be fatal!

20-40years to develop

S/SX: fatigue, dyspnea on slight exertion, heart palpitations, Systolic BP low, neck vein distention, peripheral edema, pulmonary congestion, productive cough with pinky frothy sputum.

Sustained elevations in systolic or diastolic pressure that exceed preHTN.

BP lower in the AM

S/SX: may be asymptomatic "silent killer", h/a, dizziness, fatigue, insomnia, nervousness, nosebleeds, papilledema

S/SX: hypoxemia, fatigue, hemoptysis, crackles

TX: diuretics, etc

S/SX: ^wt due to fluid retention, ascites, accumulation of blood in abdominal organs, pitting edema

TX: diuretics, etc

Prolonged interruption in the flow of blood through one of the arteries supplying the brain.

S/SX: numbness, weakness to one side, confusion, impaired coordination, severe h/a

TX: TPA (clot buster within 3 hrs) emergency!

Malignant Kidney Tumor

First Sign

Best indicator for kidney function

BUN 7-20

Creat 0.5-1.4

Acute bacterial infection of the kidney and collecting system.

Can be caused by an untreated UTI/Cystitis. 

S/SX: urgency, frequency, back pain (CVA pain)

Point where dialysis or a transplant is needed.

Uremic frost appears on skin (salt/white film)

Electrolyte imbalances occur.

^in BP d/t fluid retention.

Decreased urine output.

Dry mouth. Pruritus.

Affects the whole body.

Uses a dialyzer

4-6hrs 3times a week

Listen to bruiting and feel the thrill.

Uses the peritoneum, a semipermeable membrane lining of the abdomen, to filter fluid, wastes, and chemicals.

It's instilled by gravity then drained out.

Disequilibrium Syndrome*-dialysis happens too fast. H/a, dizziness

Major complication of peritoneal dialysis.

Monitor for temp, n/v, severe abd pain, rigidity, or tenderness. 

It can lead to sepsis!

40-50s

S/SX: pain in stomach that doesn't radiate and worse when stomach is empty b/c juices have something to work on.

DX: by scoping or PY test.

TX: gastroectomy (SE: dumping syndrome-lie down to prevent) Need B12 if totally removed.

Degenerative liver disorder caused by generalized cell damage. Affects digestion and metabolism.

S/SX: chronic fatigue, anorexia, dyspepsia, nausea, clay colored stools, diarrhea, constipation, tea colored urine, wt loss, abd discomfort. SOB, nosebleeds

Portal HTN-huge amt of circulation of blood through liver. Buildup/backup of blood.

Esophageal Varices-sweeling of veins within esophagus.

B,C,D-chronic persistent

B: sex with infected person/dirty needle. Lives on surface for 7 days.

G: blood transfusion.

A: oral/fecal route

Liver inflamm after exposure to drugs or chemicals, alcohol abuse, or infection

RUQ can radiate to back or shoulder.

Usually females, fair skin, fat, 40 who are at risk.

Inflamm that can cause contractile spasms

Nitroglycerin: used for gallbladder pain (and angina)

Inflamm of the pancreas, acute/chronic.

Acute S/sx: frothy, foul smelly stools, steatorrhea, pain mid-upper abd radiating to sides & back.

Chronic S/SX: vomitting, flatulence, dark urine, light colored stools, wt loss, pain, secondary diabetes (hard to control)

Lack intrinsic factor necessary for absorption of B12.

Need IM B12 for life.

Malignancy involving plasma cells.

Osteoclasts break down bone cells.

Increase blood calcium (so you don't get fx)

S/SX: pain, infection, anemia symp, renal calculi, bruising, nosebleeds