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| typical Greek city or community |
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| fortified but of the city built on a hill |
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| Hellenistic culture/Hellenism |
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| traditions of Greece between the death of Alexander the Great and Rome |
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| people vote directly, not through representatives |
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| someone who practices inquiry outside of science or religion |
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| a state in which supreme power is help by representatives elected by the people |
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| a leader with absolute power regardless of the thoughts of the people |
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| war between citizens of the same country |
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| process of inheriting a title |
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| a group of three men holding power |
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| three wars fought between Rome and Carthage |
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| Roman legionary officer elected by the people |
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| state council of the ancient Roman republic and empire |
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| one of two elected rulers of the republic |
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| a period of peace within the Roman empire |
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| the lowest class of citizens in ancient Rome |
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| a unit of 3,000–6,000 men in the ancient Roman army |
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| senior member of the Christian clergy |
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| the largest city and former capital of Turkey; rebuilt on the site of ancient Byzantium by Constantine I in the fourth century; renamed Constantinople by Constantine who made it the capital of the Byzantine Empire |
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| a representation of a holy figure |
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| a person who attacks tradition |
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| excluded from the Christian church |
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| A person with beliefs contrary to Christianity |
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| the bishop of Rome as head of the Roman Catholic Church |
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| A male leader or forefather |
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| the collections of laws and legal interpretations developed under the sponsorship of the Byzantine emperor Justinian |
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| A version of the Greek alphabet adapted by the monk Cyril for Christian converts in Russia |
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| Once the central church building of the Eastern Orthodox Church, means “Holy Wisdom,” an Eastern Orthodox title for Jesus |
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| church practicing what it understands to be the original faith passed down from the Apostles |
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| used by some governments and scholars to refer to members of the majority Latin Church within the Catholic Church |
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| A Russian leader before 1917 |
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| Scandinavian pirates and traders in the 8th-11th centuries |
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| an Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and poet |
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| credited with reforming the constitution of ancient Athens and setting it on a democratic footing in 508/7 BC |
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| arguably the most prominent and influential Greek statesman, orator and general of Athens between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars |
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| a Greek mathematician, "father of geometry" |
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| a Punic military commander from Carthage |
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| a Roman emperor from 284 to 305, rose through the ranks of the military to become cavalry commander to the Emperor Carus |
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| a Byzantine emperor from 527 to 565 |
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| empress of the Byzantine Empire and the wife of Emperor Justinian I |
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| monk who wrote the Cyrillic alphabet |
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| Orthodox grand prince of Moscow |
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