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| (731-788) founded the Ummayyad Dynasty in Iberia which ruled for about three centuries |
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| Alfred the Great (of Wessex) |
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| Royal laws issued by Charlemagne and the Carolingians. |
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| In the late Roman Empire, treaties established with many Gothic tribes allowed these tribes to settle within the Empire. The tribes then became “federates,” or allies of Rome. |
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| A religious belief that is considered wrong by orthodox church leaders. |
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| A sacred image of Jesus, Mary, or the saints that early Christians believed contained religious power. |
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| A term literally meaning “icon breaking” that refers to an eighth-century religious controversy in Byzantium that argued that people should not venerate icons |
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| Islamic holy war in which believers feel they have the authority to fight to defend the faith |
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| Royal officials under Charlemagne who traveled around the country to enforce the king's laws. |
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| Petrine Doctrine of Papal |
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| The belief that the popes, bishops of Rome, should lead the church because they are the successors of Peter, who many claim was the first bishop of Rome. |
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| The Muslim holy book recorded in the early seventh century by the prophet Muhammad. |
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| In the Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox churches, valued remnants of saints or other religious figures. Relics usually are parts of bodies but may also include objects that had touched sacred bodies or that were associated with Jesus or Mary, such as remnants of the True Cross. |
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| relating to or denoting the Germanic inhabitants of England from their arrival in the 5th century up to the Norman Conquest. |
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| a collection of annals in Old English chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons. The original manuscript of the Chronicle was created late in the 9th century, probably in Wessex, during the reign of Alfred the Great. |
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| the branch of anthropology that studies prehistoric people and their cultures. |
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| a permanent Church appointment, typically that of a rector or vicar, for which property and income are provided in respect of pastoral duties. |
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| an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight. |
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| the dynasty ruling France 987–1328. |
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| the specific dynasty of France and its ability to attain and hold onto the French crown. |
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| a period during the reign of Charlemagne and his successors that was marked by achievements in art, architecture, learning, and music. |
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| soldiers who fought on horseback. |
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| a member of a group of peoples inhabiting much of Europe and Asia Minor in pre-Roman times. Their culture developed in the late Bronze Age around the upper Danube, and reached its height in the La Tène culture (5th to 1st centuries bc) before being overrun by the Romans and various Germanic peoples. |
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| the worldwide body or society of Christians. |
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| of or relating to belief in the doctrine of the Trinity. |
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| an adherent of the doctrine of Arianism. |
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| a system of bilateral kinship where relations are traced through both a father and mother |
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| a system in which one belongs to one's father's lineage |
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| ("Body of Civil Law") is the modern name for a collection of fundamental works in jurisprudence, issued from 529 to 534 by order of Justinian I, Eastern Roman Emperor. |
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| a certain legal practice is observed and the relevant actors consider it to be law |
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| a land tax levied in medieval England, originally to raise funds for protection against Danish invaders. |
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| a non-Muslim subject of a Muslim state. They allows rights of residence in return for taxes. According to scholars, and have the same social responsibilities and rights as Muslims. They are excused or excluded from specific duties assigned to Muslims, and otherwise equal under the laws of property, contract and obligation. |
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| a forged Roman imperial decree by which the emperor Constantine I supposedly transferred authority over Rome and the western part of the Roman Empire to the Pope. During the Middle Ages, the document was often cited in support of the Roman Church's claims to spiritual and temporal authority. Italian Catholic priest and humanist Lorenzo Valla is credited with first exposing the forgery with solid philological arguments in 1439-1440, although doubts on the document's authenticity had already been cast by this time. |
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| a sovereign ruler of great power and rank, esp. one ruling an empire. |
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| an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, |
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| a member of the branch of the Goths who invaded the Roman Empire between the 3rd and 5th centuries ad and ruled much of Spain until overthrown by the Moors in 711. |
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| a member of the eastern branch of the Goths, who conquered Italy in the 5th–6th centuries AD |
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| served as the Greek Patriarchal cathedral of Constantinople, except between 1204 and 1261, when it was converted to a Roman Catholic cathedral under the Latin Patriarch of Constantinople of the Western Crusader established Latin Empire |
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| the writing of the lives of saints. |
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| authorized or generally accepted theory, doctrine, or practice |
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| The male ruler of an independent state, esp. one who inherits the position by right of birth. |
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| The female ruler of an independent state, esp. one who inherits the position by right of birth. |
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| the quality of being loyal to someone or something |
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| of or relating to monks, nuns, or others living under religious vows, or the buildings in which they live |
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| a woman who is the head of an abbey of nuns. |
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| a man who is the head of an abbey of monks. |
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| a member of a religious community of men typically living under vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. |
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| a member of a religious community of women, esp. a cloistered one, living under vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. |
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| the doctrine or belief that there is only one God. |
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| several historical documents which include mutual pledges of allegiance between Louis the German (d. 876), ruler of East Francia, and his (half-)brother Charles the Bald (d. 877), ruler of West Francia. |
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| the tendency to sin innate in all human beings, held to be inherited from Adam in consequence of the Fall. |
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| a Christian church or federation of churches originating in the Greek-speaking church of the Byzantine Empire, not accepting the authority of the pope, and using ancient forms of service. |
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| any of those biblical figures regarded as fathers of the human race, esp. Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, their forefathers, or the sons of Jacob. |
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| the office, see, or residence of an ecclesiastical patriarch. |
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| the state or condition of being superior to all others in authority, power, or status |
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| the bishop of Rome as head of the Roman Catholic Church. |
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| a container for holy relics. |
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| the law code which forms the basis of civil law in many countries today. |
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| a person acknowledged as holy or virtuous and typically regarded as being in heaven after death |
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| a late 4th-century Latin translation of the Bible. It was largely the work of St. Jerome, who was commissioned by Pope Damasus I in 382 to make a revision of the old Latin translations |
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| a treaty between the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious, the son and successor of Charlemagne, which divided the Carolingian Empire into three kingdoms. It ended the three year long Carolingian Civil War. |
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| There are two powers by which chiefly this world is ruled: the sacred authority of the priesthood and the authority of kings. And of these the authority of the priests is so much the weightier, as they must render before the tribunal of an account even for the kings of men. |
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| a Muslim dynasty that ruled the Islamic world from ad 660 (or 661) to 750 and Moorish Spain from 756 to 1031. The dynasty claimed descent from Umayya, a distant relative of Muhammad. |
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| a Benedictine monk who became the first Archbishop of Canterbury in the year 597. He is considered the "Apostle to the English" and a founder of the English Church. |
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| (November 13, 354 – August 28, 430), wrote The City of God |
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| (AD 500 – AD 565) was a general of the Byzantine Empire. He was instrumental to Emperor Justinian's ambitious project of reconquering much of the Mediterranean territory of the former Western Roman Empire, which had been lost less than a century previously. |
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(c.480–547) is a Christian saint, honored by the Roman Catholic Church as the patron saint of Europe and students.
He founded twelve communities for monks at Subiaco, about 40 miles (64 km) to the east of Rome, before moving to Monte Cassino in the mountains of southern Italy. |
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| (742–814), king of the Franks 768–814 and Holy Roman Emperor 800–814; As the first Holy Roman emperor, he promoted the arts and education, and his court became the cultural center of the Carolingian Renaissance. |
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| ( c. 688–741), Frankish ruler of the eastern part of the Frankish kingdom from 715 and the whole kingdom from 719; grandfather of Charlemagne. His rule marked the beginning of Carolingian power. |
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| ( c. 714–768) king of the Franks 751–768; father of Charlemagne. He founded the Carolingian dynasty in 751. |
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| the second wife of the Frankish king Clovis I. Venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church, she was instrumental to her husband's famous conversion to Christianity and, in her later years, was known for her almsgiving and penitential works of mercy. |
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| the first King of the Franks to unite all the Frankish tribes under one ruler, changing the leadership from a group of royal chieftains, to rule by kings, ensuring that the kingship was held by his heirs. He was also the first Catholic King to rule over Gaul, known today as France. |
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| Roman Emperor from 306 to 337, commonly known as Constantine the Great |
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| the author of the Liber Manualis, a handbook written for her son. Her date of birth and death are unknown but it is circa 803-843. |
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| c. 775 – March 14, 840) was a Frankish scholar and courtier. HE was a dedicated servant of Charlemagne and his son Louis the Pious; his main work is a biography of Charlemagne, the Vita Karoli Magni, "one of the most precious literary bequests of the early Middle Ages." |
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| was King of Kent from about 580 or 590 until his death. He was the first English king to convert to Christianity. |
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| was pope from 492 until his death in 496. He was a prolific writer whose style placed him on the cusp between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. He had been closely employed by his predecessor Felix III, especially in drafting papal documents. His reign was characterized by a call for strict orthodoxy, a more assertive push for papal authority, and increasing tension between the churches in the West and the East. |
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| ( c. 540–594), Frankish bishop and historian. He was elected bishop of Tours in 573. |
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| was pope from 3 September 590 until his death. He is well known for his writings, which were more prolific than those of any of his predecessors as pope. |
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| was the king of Norway from 1047 until 1066. |
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| Constantine's mother. She located what she believed were key sites in the life of Jesus, building great churches where he was born and where he died. |
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| was a Duke of Saxony from the House of Wettin. |
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| king of France 987–996; founder of the Capetian dynasty. |
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| was a Roman Christian priest, confessor, theologian and historian, and who became a Doctor of the Church. He is best known for his translation of the Bible into Latin (the Vulgate), and his list of writings is extensive. |
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| Byzantine emperor 527–565; He regained North Africa from the Vandals, Italy from the Ostrogoths, and Spain from the Visigoths. He codified Roman law 529. |
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| was a Norse explorer regarded as the first European to land in North America (excluding Greenland), nearly 500 years before Christopher Columbus. According to the Sagas of Icelanders, he established a Norse settlement at Vinland, tentatively identified with the Norse L'Anse aux Meadows on the northern tip of Newfoundland in modern-day Canada. |
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| was the Bishop of Rome—the Pope—of the Catholic Church from 29 September 440 to his death on 10 November 461. |
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| was a Visigothic King of Hispania and Septimania from 568 to April 21, 586. From 585 he was also king of Galicia. Known for his Codex Revisus or Code of Leovigild, a unifying law allowing equal rights between the Visigothic and Hispano-Roman population, his kingdom covered most of modern Spain down to Toledo. He was born circa 525. |
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| Arab prophet and founder of Islam. In c. 610, in Mecca, he received the first of a series of revelations that, as the Koran, became the doctrinal and legislative basis of Islam. In the face of opposition to his preaching, he and his small group of supporters were forced to flee to Medina in 622 (the Hegira). Muhammad led his followers into a series of battles against the Meccans. In 630, Mecca capitulated and by his death Muhammad had united most of Arabia. |
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| (died 7 March 203) Christian martyrs of the 3rd century. She (born in 181) was a 22-year old married noble and a nursing mother. Her co-martyr Felicity, an expectant mother, was her slave. They suffered together at Carthage in the Roman province of Africa. |
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| Byzantine historian, born in Caesarea in Palestine. He accompanied Justinian's general Belisarius on his campaigns between 527 and 540. His principal works are the History of the Wars of Justinian and On Justinian's Buildings. |
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| (reigned 586–601) was Visigothic King of Hispania, Septimania and Galicia. His reign marked a climactic shift in history, with the king's renunciation of traditional Arianism in favour of Catholic Christianity in 587. |
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| was a Norse nobleman of Norwegian or Danish descent and founder and first ruler of the Viking principality in what soon became known as Normandy. Was part of the attack on Paris |
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| (7 December 521 – 9 June 597 AD) he was a Gaelic Irish missionary monk who propagated Christianity among the Picts during the Early Medieval Period. He was one of the Twelve Apostles of Ireland.[3] |
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| (387 – 17 March, 493 or c 460) was a Romano-Briton and Christian missionary, who is the most generally recognized patron saint of Ireland or the Apostle of Ireland |
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| ( c. 500–548), Byzantine empress; wife of Justinian. As Justinian's closest adviser, she exercised considerable influence on political affairs and the theological questions of the time. |
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| (died 481) was an Ostrogoth chieftain who was involved in the politics of the Byzantine Empire during the reigns of Byzantine Emperors Leo I, Zeno and Basiliscus. He was a rival for the leadership of the Ostrogoths with his kinsman Theodoric the Great, who would ultimately supplant him. |
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| Roman emperor 379–395; full name Flavius Theodosius; known as Theodosius the Great. He took control of the Eastern Empire and ended the war with the Visigoths. A pious Christian, in 391 he banned all forms of pagan worship. |
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| was born in Constantinople, and was the wife of Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor. |
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| also known as Otto the Great, was the founder of the Holy Roman Empire and the first Holy Roman Emperor, reigning from 962 until his death in 973. The son of Henry I the Fowler and Matilda of Ringelheim, Otto was "the first of the Germans to be called the emperor of Italy".[1] |
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| a King of Germany, was the fourth ruler of the Saxon or Ottonian dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire. He was elected King in 983 on the death of his father Otto II and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 996. |
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| (955 – December 7, 983), was the third ruler of the Saxon or Ottonian dynasty, the son of Otto the Great and Adelaide of Italy. |
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| a member of a Germanic people that ravaged Gaul, Spain, and North Africa in the 4th–5th centuries and sacked Rome in ad 455. |
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| Local warrior society of Celts, Germans or Africans |
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| a value placed on every human being and every piece of property in the Salic Code (Salic Law). If property was stolen, or someone was injured or killed, the guilty person would have to pay weregild as restitution to the victim's family or to the owner of the property. |
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| was a political institution in Anglo-Saxon England which operated from before the 7th century until the 11th century. It was an assembly of the ruling class whose primary function was to advise the king and whose membership was composed of the most important noblemen in England, both ecclesiastic and secular. |
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| was fought between a Roman army led by the Roman Emperor Valens and Gothic rebels led by Fritigern. The battle took place about 8 miles (13 km) north of Adrianople (modern Edirne in European Turkey, near the border with Greece and Bulgaria) in the Roman province of Thracia and ended with an overwhelming victory for the Goths. |
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| took place between the Roman Emperors Constantine I and Maxentius on 28 October 312. It takes its name from the Milvian Bridge, an important route over the Tiber. Constantine won the battle and started on the path that led him to end the Tetrarchy and become the sole ruler of the Roman Empire. Maxentius drowned in the Tiber during the battle. |
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