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| Ration, men to women, 12th Century |
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| There were more men compared to women because bearing children and giving birth presented health hazards for women. Also, women had to work for food. |
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| Record of the great survey of England, completed in 1086, executed for William I or William the Conqueror. Main purpose was to determine who held what and what taxes had been liable under Edward the Confessor. Was written in Latin and the text was highly abbreviated. |
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| Agricultral system in much of Europe from the Middle Ages to 20th century. Each manor or village had several very large unfenced fields, famrs in strips by individual families. It was gradually replaced by private fields through various reforms in agricultural technology and local government. |
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| A tax raised to pay tribute to viking raiders to save a land from being ravaged. |
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| the warring knight had to respect sacred spaces and the clergy. |
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| Agreement not to fight on Sundays. |
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| The kinds of England would touch people to be cured from diseases; because the king had high authority many people went to him for healing and laying on of hands. |
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| Largest European royal house, includes direct descendants of Hugh Capet of France. |
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| Battle of Stamford Bridge, 1066 |
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| took place at the village of Stamford Bridge on September 25, 1066. Was fought between Norwegian Army led by Harold Hardrade and King Harold Godwinson of England. Majority of the Norwegians were killed along with Harold Hardrade and Earl Tostig, Harold's brother. |
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| the penultimate Anglo-Saxon King of England and the last of the House of Wessex, ruling from 1042 until his death. His reign marked the continuing disintegration of royal power in England and the advancement in power of the earls. Edward was canonized in 1161 by Pope Alexander III. He is regarded as patron saint of kings, difficult marriages and seperated spouses. |
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| the decisive Norman victory in the Norman Conquest of England. Fought between the Norman army of William the Conqueror and the English Army led by Harold Godwinson. The battle took place at Senlac Hill. Harold was killed and this was seen as the point when William gained control of England. |
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| known as Harold II, was the last Anglo Saxon king of England before the Norman Conquest. Reigned from January 5, 1066 until his death at the Battle of Hastings. Was one of two English Monarchs to die in battle. |
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| A Norman adventurer conspicuous in the conquest of southern Italy and Siciliy, was count and then Duke of Apulin and Calabria. |
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| nicknamed the Brave or the Valiant, King of Leon from 1065 to 1109 and King of Castle from 1072. Proclaimed himself "Emperor of all Spain". |
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| Known as "El Cid Campeador", a Casilian nobleman, gifted military leader, diplomat who after being exiled, conquered and governed the city of Valencia. He was educated in the royal court of Castile and became the alferez, or cheif general of Alfonso VI. He was the most valuable asset in fight against the Moors. Considered the national hero of Spain. |
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| Called the Black or the Pious. Member of the Salian Dynasty. Eldest son of Conrad II of Germany and Gisela of Swabia. His father made him duke of Bavaria, when his father was crowned Emperor he made Henry as king of Germany. Upon the Emperors death Henry became the sole ruler of the kingdom and was crowned emperor by Pope Clement II in Rome. |
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| Pope Leo IX (1049 - 1054) |
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| Pope from 1049 until his death. Regraded as a saint by Roman Catholic Church. Considered the most historically significant German Pope of the Middle Ages. Set out against Normans in the south with an army of Italians and German volunteers, but suffered total defeat. He was held captive from 1053 - 1054. |
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| The ecclesiastical crime of paying for holy offices or positions in the hierachy of a church, named after Simon Magus. |
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| Pope from April 1073 until his death. Once othe great reforming popes. Best known for the part he played in the investeture Controversy, his dispute with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, affirming the primacy of the papal authority and the new canon law governing the election of the pope by the college of cardinals. Excommunicated Henry IV twice. Was canonized in 1728 by Benedict XIII. |
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| King of Germany from 1056 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 until his forced abdication in 1105. Third emperor of the Salian Dynasty and one of the most powerful and important figures of the 11th century. Reign was marked by the investiture controversy with the Papacy and several civil wars with pretenders to his throne in Italy and Germany. |
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| Called the younger or the young. King of France, son and successor of Louis VI. Ruled from 1137, member of the House of Capet. Reign was dominated by feudal struggles, saw the beginning of the long feud between France and England. Saw the beginning of construction on Notre-Dame de Paris and the disastrous Second Crusade. |
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| Count of Blois and Count of Chartres, son of Theobald III, married Adela of Normandy, daughter of William the Conqueror, one of the leaders of the First Crusade. Was pressured by Adela to return on minor crusade in 1101, he died in 1102 during crusade. |
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| called Curtmantle, ruled as king of England 1154-1189, Count of Anjou, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony, Count of Nantes, Lord of Ireland and, at various times, controlled parts of Wales, Scotland and western France. First of the house of Plantagenet to rule England and was the great-grandson of William the Conqueror. |
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| The Exchequer of please or Exchequer was one of the three common-law courts of Medieval and Early Modern England and Wales. Exchequer is used where there is no possibility of confusion with the government department of the Exchequer of which the Exchequer of Pleas formed a part. |
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| Saint Anselm of Canterbury, an italian medieval philosopher, theologian and church official who held office of Archbishop of Canterbury from 1093 - 1109, called the founder of scholasticism, famous for ontological argument for the existence of God, openly opposed to Crusades as Archbishop. |
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| King William Rufus of England |
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| King of England from 1087 - 100, was less successful in extending control into Wales, commonly known as William Rufus, perhaps because of his red-faced apperance. Although he was an effective soldier, he was a ruthless ruler. |
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| Fourth son of William I, succeeded his elder brother, William II as king of England. defeated elder brother, Robert Curthose to become Duke of Normandy in 1106. Called Beauclerc for his scholarly interests and Lion of Justice for refinements which he brough about in the rudimentary administrative and legislative machinery of the time. |
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| Archbishop of Canterbury from 1162, venerated as a Saint and martyr by both Roman Catholic Church and Anglican church. Engaged in conflict with Henry II over the rights and privileges of the Church and was assassinated by knights of Henry in Canterbury Cathedral. |
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| Elected king of Germany at Frankfurt in 1152 and crowned in Aachen, crowned king of italy in Pavia in 1154 and finally crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Adrian IV in 1155. Crowned king of Burgandy in 1178. Embarked on 3rd crusade. He drowned in a river. |
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| between Byzantine and Seljuq forces led by Alp Arslan in 1071 near Manzikert. Resulted in defeat of Byzantine empire and capture of Romanos IV, emperor. Played important role in breaking Byzantine resistance and preparing the way for Turkish settlemen in Anatolia. |
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| Called Bosso and the Great count, was the Norman Count of Sicily from 1071-1101. The last great leader of the Norman conquest of southern Italy. |
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| King of Germany from 1098-1125 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1106-1125, forth and last ruler of the Salian dynasty. Reign coincided with final phase of great investiture controversy. By the settlement of the Concordat of Worms, he surrendered to the demands of the second generation of Gregorian reformers. |
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| Born Rolando of Siena, was Pope from 1159-1181, first pope known to have paid direct attention to misionary activites east of the Baltic Sea. First pope to address the situation of the Church in Finland, with Finns harassing priests. Held the third council of the Lateran, the eleventh ecumenical council. Wrote many acts, among them the law requiring that no one may be elected Pope without the votes of two-thirds of the cardinals. He excommunicated William I of Scotland and put the kingdom under an interdict. |
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| Richard I (Lion Heart) of England |
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| King of England from 1189 - 1199. Ruled as Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony, Lord of Ireland, Lord of Cyprus, Count of Anjou, Count of Nantes and Overloard of Brittany. Was known as Richard the Lion Heart. Was a central Christian commander during the Third Crusade, effectively leading the campaign after the departure of Philip Augustus and scoring considerable victories against his Muslim counterpart Saladin. |
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| A member of the highest rank of the feudal Moscovian, Kievan Rusian, Bulgarian, Wallachian, and Moldavian aristocracies, second only to the ruling princes. |
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| the foremost historic city of North-Western Russia. The administrative center of Novgorod Oblast. |
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| French prelate, Roman Catholic Cardinal and Benedictine oblate, donated by his parents to the monastery of Mourmoutiers in Lorraine. Was made Archbishop of Sicily in 1050 and then Cardinal-bishop of Silva Candida. Was made librarian of the Roman Curia bu Stephen IX, his former legatine companion, and he penned the reform treatise Lib tres adversus Simoniacos (Three Books Against the Simoniacs'). Was sent to Constantinople to negotiate peace between the Western and Eastern Churches, but failed due to his arrogant demeanor. Excommunicated Patriarch Michael of Constantiople. |
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| Patriarch Michael Cerularius |
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| Patriarch of Constantinople from 1043-1059. Noted for disputing with Pope Leo IX over church practices where the Roman Church differed from Constantinople, especially the use of unleavened bread in the Eucharist. Closed the Latin churches in his area which exacerbated the schism. |
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| Emperor Romanus IV Diogenes |
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| Byzantine Emperor from 1068-1071. Prepared a large-scale expedition against Scljuk stronghold of Manzikert |
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| Emperor Alexius I Comnenus |
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| Byzantine emperor 1081-1118 was son of Ioannis Komnenos and Anna Dalassenn, and nephew of Issac I Komnenos. The military, financial, and territorial recovery of the Byzantine Empire began in his reign. He witnessed the first crusade which he used in order to reconquer these lands. |
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| Byzantine Emperor, led an army to assist the Crusader States in 1176. The army was utterly defeated and left the Crusader states vulnerable to an ever growing Muslim power. |
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| an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims. A noun meaning "struggle". Appears frequently in the Qur'an and common usage as the idiomatic expression "striving in the way of Allah". |
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| born Otho de Lagery, Pope from 1088-1099. Most known for starting the first crusade and setting up the moder day Roman Curia, in the manner of a royal court, to help run the church. |
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| Leading one of the five sections of the people's crusade to the destination of their pilgrimage, the church of the Holy Sepulchre, started from Cologne in April 1096 and arrived at Constantinople at the end of July. |
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| The poor fellow- Soldiers of Christ and of the temple of solomon, commonly knowns as the knights templar or the Order of the Temple, were among the most famous of the Western Christian military orders. Existed for apporximately two centuries in the Middle Ages. Endorsed by the Roman Catholic Church around 1129, became a favored charity through Christendom and grew rapidly in membership and power. |
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| The knights Hospitaller (aka, Knights of Malta) was a Christian organization that began as an Amalfitan hospital founded in Jerusalem in approximately 1080 to provide care for poor, sick or injured pilgrims to the Holy Land. During first crusade becamse religious/military order under its own charter and was charged with the care and defense of the Holy Land. Following the conquest of the Holy Land by Islamic forces the order operated from Rhodes over which it was sovereign, and later from Malta. |
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| A German Roman Catholic religious order. It was formed to aid Christians on their pilgrimages to the Holy Land and to establish hospitals to care for the sick and injured. Its members have commonly been known as the Teutonic knights. Formed at the end of the 12 century in Acre. |
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| a French abbot and the primary builder of the reforming Cistercian monastic order. A schism broke out in the Church. King Louis VI convened a national council of the French bishops at Etampes, and Bernard was chose to judge between the rival popes. Bernard assisted at the Second Council of the Latern, denounced the teachings of Peter Abelard to the Pope, who called a concil at sens in 1141 to settle the matter. He combated heresy. |
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| first king of Germany of the Hohenstaufen dynasty. Son of Frederick I, Duke of Swabia, and Agnes, a daughter of the Salian Emperor Henry IV. Agreed to join Louis VII in a great expedition to the Holy Land, before leaving, he had the nobles elect and crown his son Henry Berengar king. In 1150, Conrad and Henry Berengar defeated theWelf VI and his son Welf VII at the battle of Flochberg. |
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| the sultan of egypt and syria, let islamic opposition in 2nd and 3rd crusade. The Ayyubid dynasty he founded ruled. He led Muslims against the Crusaders and recaptured Palestine. Practiced Sunni Islam. Did not maim, kill or retaliate against those he defeated. |
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| King Philip II Augustus (France) |
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| King of France from 1180 - 1223, member of House of Capet, born at Gonesse, son of Louis VII and Adela of Champagne. Nicknamed Dieudonne - the God given. Must successful French monarch in expanding influence of Monarchy, broke up Angevin empire and defeated coalition of rivals at Battle of Bovines in 1214. Reorganized government and brought prosperity. Reign was popular with ordinary people because he checked the power of nobles and passed some of it on to the growing middle class. 1181, war with Count of Flanders. Philip had war with Henry II for 2 year, nothing changed. Philip went on 3rd Crusade with Richard I and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I. |
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| King of Germany from 1190-1197, Holy Roman Emperor from 1191-1197 and King of Sicily 1194-1197. Born in Nijmegen, son of emperor Frederick I and Beatrix of Burgandy. Crowned king of the Romans at Bamberg in 1169 at age of four. Suppressed revolt by Henry the Lion. Was married to Constance of Sicily 1186 |
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| A noted medical school, existed in Salerno from the 10th century and by 11th century was widely acknowledged by contemporaries as the centre of medical knowledge in Wester Europe. |
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| Received a charter from Frederick I. Notable for teaching cannon law and civil law, ranked one of the world top 50 universities. |
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| University of Montepelier |
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| Associated with Bull issued by Pope Nicholas IV in 1289, combining all the long existing schools into a university. Also taugh medicine. |
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| appeared in 12 century. Was reorganized as 13 autonomous universities. Known as a guild of masters and scholars. |
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| outstanding teacher that developed theology discipline. |
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| Mistress of Abelard. Caused Abelard to be castrated by her relatives. She was remarkable for her knowledge of letters. |
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| 12th century English scholar, known both for his original works and for translating important Arabic scientific works of astrology, astronomy, philosophy and mathematics into Latin. Studied in tours. Wrote book "Liber algorismi de Numero Indorum". Translated table of al-Khwarizimi and the introduction of Astrology of Abu Ma'shar. Wrote short treatise on abacus. |
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| Known as Abu Alie Sina Balkhi, and commonly known in English by Latin name, Avicenna. Was a Person polymath and the foremost physcian and philosopher of his time. Astronomer, Chemist, geologist, logician, palentologist, mathematician, physicist, poet, psychologist, scientist and teacher. Wrote almost 450 treatises on wide subjects, 240 survived, 150 of his philosophical treatises, 40 of them on medicine. |
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| Andalusian-Muslim polymath; master of early Islamic philosophy, Islamic theology, Maliki law and Jurisprudence, logic, psychology, Arabic music theory and the sciences of medicine, astronomy, geography, mathematics and physics. Born in Cordoba, modern day spain, died in Marrakech modern day Morocco, school of philosophy is known as Averroism. Described as the founding father of secular thought in Western Europe. |
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| born in Cordoba in 1135, died in Egypt in 1204. The greatest scholar of the Torah. Was rabbi, physician and philosopher in Spain, Egypt and Morocco. His philsophical ideas influenced non-jews. Central tenet is that it is impossible for truths to be arrived at through human intellect while contradicting those revealed by God. Held to a strict apophatic theology in which only negative statements toward a description of God may be considered correct. |
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| term that is used to describe the archeticture of Medieval Europe, characterized by semi-circular arches, and evoloving into the Gothic style, characterized by pointed arches. The term "Romanesque" was first used to describe the style of the early 19th century. |
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